The nature, volumes of accumulation and composition of technogenic mineral raw materials of the Russian Federation estimated in 43,5 billion US dollars, that in 4 times exceeds cost of the reconnoitered resources are analyzed. The share of technogenic raw materials in the general structure of resources and gold reserves of the country is 7–12% and is estimated by experts at 5,000 tonnes. For subsoil use regions of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, including the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the problems of developing technogenic mineral raw materials are relevant. The nature of formation, material composition and peculiar- ities of finding gold in various types of technogenic mineral raw materials of the Southern Urals are consid- ered. The raw materials are presented by the tailings of percolation of the mill, pyrite flotation, slags of the goldmine plant, pyritic cinder of sulfuric acid production, ephems of runner factories, placers, screenings of sand and gravel deposits, etc. For the Far Eastern Federal District and the RS (Y), regional examples and prospects for recycling gold from waste subsoil are shown on the example of technogenic placers, tailings of the mill, etc. It is necessary to create regional banks of mineralogical data of technological features of native gold of various types of natural and technogenic mineral raw materials. It is proposed to include the course

«Technological Mineralogy» in the curricula of vocational training of geologists. Complex scientific and ap- plied mineralogical research of useful components in the composition of diverse types of technogenic raw materials is expedient for organizing within the framework of programs of the «Technological Platform Solid Minerals» in which the NEFU named after M.K. Ammosov, Bashkir State University and other educational and scientific centers are members. The development of technogenic mineral raw materials with the use of innovative approaches and advanced technologies along with commercial benefits reduces environmental risks of subsoil use, thus contributing to creation of a positive image of a territory.

The work contains results of petrologic estimates of crystallization conditions of several generations of py- roxenes and amphiboles from the Mesozoic igneous rocks of poorly studied Dzheltulin alkali massif, being the biggest magmatic structure of the Tyrkandin ore region, located in the eastern part of the Aldan-Stanovoy shield. According to the results of authors’ identification of physical-chemical conditions, existed during py- roxene crystallization, one can judge about their crystallization at different temperatures and at two depth levels. Amphiboles of the earlier intrusions are characterized by relatively high contents of alkalies and alu- minium, later intrusion – by high silicon content. Two levels of crystallization conditions are determined for amphiboles from massif rocks, as well as for pyroxenes. It is found that, petrologic characteristics of dark- colored minerals from the Dzheltulin massif rocks reflect features of deep structure of the Earth’s crust. It is also concluded that, interpreted depth anomalies at attribute seismic section of the main frequency of local wave packets, probably reflect the Mesozoic intermediate magma chamber and channels. Besides, relation of anomalies with the Mesozoic alkali intrusions suggests that mantle channels identified at section of the main frequency of seismic waves, are of the Mesozoic age.

A comparative analysis was made between the traps of the Olenek uplift and the northeastern Tun- guska syneclise, which showed that they differ in terms of petrography and petro- and geochemistry. Their indi- cator pair ratios of incompatible elements (Zr/Nb, Nb/Th, Nb/Y, Zr/Y) form, in diagrams, two isolated fields, which suggests different sources. It is concluded that traps of the Tunguska syneclise and the Olenek uplift were associated with independent plume-magmatic events separated in time. Responsible for the formation of the Olenek uplift traps was the Olenek plume which caused the origination of the Olenek trap syneclise at the Per- mian – Triassic boundary.

The basic principles of mineragenic zoning of the Yakut Diamondiferous Province which have been formed for 60 years of search, prospecting and exploration works on the territory of Western Yakutia are briefly reviewed. The taxonomic range of diamondiferous objects («province», «subprovince», «district», «field», «pipe») is considered. It is shown that separation of boundaries of such objects as «kimberlite field» and «diamondiferous district» often has a subjective character. The difficulties of transition from analog to digital geological materials are reflected through demonstration of the boundaries of a diamondiferous dis- trict and a kimberlite field determined by different authors on digital maps in relevant geographical coordi- nates. The results of forming of digital data base of essential kimberlite bodies parameters such as geograph- ic location, morphology, axes orientation, age (relative and absolute), petrological and mineralogical peculi- arities for each kimberlite pipe or vein of Yakut Diamondiferous Province are present. Practical application of the base for cartographic representation are demonstrated. The method of delineation of a taxonomic unit «kimberlite field» using «buffering method» with application of GIS-technology is presented. It is shown that the most correctly a kimberlite field boundaries are defined by a five kilometers buffering zone which coin- cides with the boundaries of the maximum density of faults and geophysical anomalies. The application of the method allowed to reduce a field area and clarify a direction of a main axis for some kimberlite fields. The proposed method is deployed and operated by PJSC ALROSA geological exploration complex.

The prospects for primary diamond bearing of the Vilyui-Markhinsky interfluve were substanti- ated by different researchers. In 1982 in the basin of the river Suldyukar a geologist S.V. Ovchinnikov identi- fied several halos of indicator minerals of kimberlites (IMK) by the results of a group geological survey of a scale 1: 50000, among which the most promising was named after the nearby Khatyryk stream. More than 30 years later, in 2015, near the Khatyryk halo, during an exploratory drilling of the T-54-14 aeromagnetic anomaly, identified by geophysicist M.V. Pokrovsky, JSC «ALROSA» geologists revealed first kimberlite body of a new Suldyukar field located in the western part of the Vilyuisk-Marhinsky kimberlite controlling zone of deep faults. It confirmed the existence of the predicted Igyattinsky diamondiferous district. A study of the composition of the new field kimberlites revealed their essential differences from the ones from the southern (Mirny) and northern (Nakynsky, Daldynsky, Alakitsky and others) fields and the indicator minerals difference from the minerals of the nearby Khatyryk halo. These differences let us to predict a discovery of new bodies in the area.

A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of spinel macrocrystals from the concentrate of diamondiferous tuffites basal horizon and spinel microcrystallites from the binder mass of lapilli with those from kimberlite pipes of Yakutia is made for determining specific features of the medium transporting these rocks to the surface. It is established that most of chrome spinels belong to high and medium-chromium picrochromites. The presence of high and medium-chromium spinels in the interval of one sample indicates a deep origin of the melt. Chemical compositions of spinels from tuffites and highly diamondiferous kimberlites vary considerably, spinels from the Mir pipe are characterized by direct correlation between Al2O3 and Cr2O3, for spinels from tuffites this trend is not observed; a significantly higher content of TiO2 is typical for the tuffite spinels that can be attributed to a particular source type. Melt inclusions in chrome spinels are studied by electron microprobe analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Olivine, pyroxene, phlogopite and nephe- line phases are identified in the melt inclusions.

The results of geological exploration work of the past years on the structure, geological devel- opment and prospects of oil and gas potential of the northeastern territories of the Republic of Sakha (Yaku- tia) are summarized and analyzed. The available data on the geological and geophysical study of each of the prospective areas are systematized. There is a certain continuity in the development of scientific ideas. At the present stage, the main directions of geological exploration remain practically the same as in the middle of the last century. This is mainly coastal and intermountain depressions and deflections (Primorskaya, Tastakhskaya, Zyryanskaya, etc.), within which the total thickness of meso-Cenozoic deposits reaches 2 km or more. Taking into account the results of studying these deposits in natural outcrops in areas adjacent to the onboard parts of these depressions, the presence of terrigenous reservoir horizons with sufficiently high fil- tration and capacitance properties and overlapping substantially clayey strata - the shields - is predicted within the sedimentary cover. It is indicated that an additional role in the increase of hydrogeological closure of the earth's interior is played here, perhaps, by the fact of the presence and widespread development of a thick layer of permafrost in the upper part of the section. According to the results of geophysical studies, traps of various types have been detected, including traditional anticlinal structures with elements of tectonic and lithologic screening, traps associated with manifestations of thrust tectonics, non-anticlinal traps, etc. For the first time, the question is raised about the potential petroleum potential of Paleozoic carbonate and terrigenous deposits, which are accessible for deep drilling in the Kolyma-Indigir interfluve within the zone of the Prikolymskie uplifts. It was confirmed that all coastal depressions of different sizes are open to the north towards the East Siberian Sea and are developed mainly on its shelf, where the prevailing part of the initial geological resources of hydrocarbons is predicted. On the continental land, areas with optimal condi- tions for searching for oil and gas accumulations in different geological conditions are planned. Priority ar- eas for setting initial works are recommended.

New findings of Elasmoterium from the south of the West Siberian Plain have been described. They originate from four localities including Podpusk, Grigoryevka, Kozhamzhar from Pavlodar Region, and Kirillovka from North Kazakhstan Region. The remains from Podpusk were identified to the species level and they originate from the deposits of the Irtysh Formation (Gelasian). They are the oldest from the area of the West Siberian Plain. The remains from the other localities belong to Elasmotherum sibiricum. In the locality of Grigoryevka, the remains of Elasmotherium found conjointly with Coelodonta antiquitatis – the oldest evi- dence for West Siberian Plain. The skeleton fragment from Kirillovka – the first one from the Asian part of the habitat, and a skull fragment from Kozhamzhar are of the greatest interest. In Kirillovka site, the Elas- motherium remains were found conjointly with a Sthephanorhinus kirchbergensis tooth. This is the first evi- dence of the joint burial in situ for these rhinoceroses in the Asian part of the habitat. AMS method of radio- carbon analysis gave the young age (26038±356 BP; UBA-30522) for the Elasmotherium skull from Ko- zhamzhar. The discovery of Elasmotherium skull in Karginian deposits of Western Siberian Plain points to considerably later extinction of this rhinoceros in Western Siberia, while previously it was assumed that it happened not later than 300,000 years ago.

In view of climate warming, there is a need for parameterization of boundary conditions in pre- dictive assessments of the ground temperature regime in cold regions. For this, an experimental study has been conducted at the Tuymaada monitoring site of Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the SB RAS to investi- gate the ground thermal regime following the removal of snow and vegetation covers. Field data have been collected for a two-year cycle. These data are compared with the findings from a similar study performed by

A.V. Pavlov in the early 1970s. During this period, the mean annual air temperature has increased by 2.6 °C. As a result, the mean annual ground temperature at a depth of 3 m has warmed by 0.6 °C at the undisturbed site and by 1.4 °C at the disturbed site, with the ground properties remaining virtually unchanged. It is there- fore evident that the current changes in climate and its elements should be taking into account during engi- neering design and ground temperature regime forecasts.

Potential of GPR data for evaluation of rocks humidity is considered. A method for evaluation of humidity of dispersed rocks by an empirical formula is proposed, which is based on determination of a rela- tive change in the delay time (Nt) of GPR signals reflected from interfaces of media in frozen (tM, ns) and thawed (tT, ns) condition. The method was tested in field conditions at two sites in Central Yakutia. The GPR data are considered within an active layer, in a period of complete freezing and defrosting of the rocks. In the first site of testing the data values were taken from a part of a profile in the vicinity of the borehole test drill- ing. The average time delay of a GPR signal from the reference boundary at the depth of 1.7 m was calculat- ed by three neighboring points of sounding. The relative change of the delay time of the signals Nt is evaluat- ed. The average humidity content is calculated by the proposed formula. In accordance with the method the humidity distribution along the GPR profile in the second site of testing is also determined. Application of the method will allow to evaluate humidity of dispersed rocks remotely and its changes under the influence of various climatic and anthropogenic factors within the active layer of the permafrost zone rock mass.

The basics of physical modeling of complex processing technology for manufacturing of ul- trafine-grained structure for high-strength materials has been delivered in the paper. The screw press pro- cess influence on extrusion process of prismatic and spiral shaped lean steel probes has been presented. This steel 09G2S is widely used for vital structures in permafrost regions of Central Yakutia. On the base of fractograms of probe breaks the reasons of high strength and low plasticity of processed steel have been qualita- tively interpreted. The ductile fracture mechanism of processed steel probes after the extrusion and screw pressing is characterized by more pronounced of surface microrelief against the initial material. The regular- ities ascertained in such a modeling allows to approach for further improvement as in the severe plastic de- formation experimental research, as in the combine hardening technology on the whole.

The article is devoted to the problem of wear and tear of parts of mining equipment working with frozen soils under low climatic temperatures and the development of a method for restoring the crowns of excavator buckets teeth and bulldozer ripper with increased performance characteristics. Deposited layers obtained by overlaying surfacing with self-shielded flux cored wire and surfacing electrodes T590 (widely used in production) for surfacing with direct current and pulse mode modulated current are investigated. It is shown that when surfacing by a pulse-arc method with T590 electrodes, the content of the main alloying ele- ments (manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium) in the weld layer is higher than in the case of surfacing by a direct current. It has been established that the microhardness of the deposited layers at surfacing by direct current is greater than when surfacing with modulated current. The way of rework of geometrical sizes of worn-out details of mining equipment using electrodes of the E-50A type at pulsed arc welding and further hardening of a surface layer of rework details using coating material with the increased physicomechanical properties is offered. Full-scale tests of the details reworked by this method and further operation at the en- terprises of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) have shown their operability and economic reasonability.

In this work a quantitative assessment of protruding active diamond particles on the working surface of an experimental diamond drill with a metal-ceramic matrix during its operation was done. Previ- ously a literature review on the methods of determining of the amount of abrasive grains on the working sur- face of a tool was performed. The main advantages and disadvantages of the methods for determining the cutting edges during a tool operation are discussed. The formation of microroughness occurs as a result of frictional interaction of contact surfaces of abrasive tool and material being processed. During processing, a mass micro-cutting with individual grains occurs, which together determines the productivity of a tool as a whole. Thus, one of the factors increasing the efficiency of a diamond tools is its surface condition. Other factors are connected with the improvement of its components and functional elements: diamond grains, ligaments, working layer structure. In this work, quantitative assessment of active diamond grains on the work- ing surface of a tool was realized on the basis of metallographic analysis of the friction surface. The pro- posed method for determining the amount of cutting diamond grains on the working surface of the experi- mental diamond drill make it possible to evaluate and predict service properties of a working surface of a tool when operating in full-scale conditions.

This paper considers a mathematical model of joint laying of water pipeline networks and dis- trict heat networks. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of radiation on the process of complex heat exchange taking place in the housing insulation between structural elements. The results of mathematical simulation of the heat loss taking into account the radiant component are given. When calculating the heat flows which are lost in the pipeline through thermal insulation at transporting the coolant, the heat transfer process is usually considered by means of conduction and convection. The radiant component is neglected in most cases. The influence of heat transfer by radiation and convection is particularly noticeable using ther- mal insulation products with large pores and air gaps. A ground configuration of a pipe line and water pipe line laid in a joint thermal insulation made of mineral wool is considered. When laying joint pipelines, complex radiative heat transfer occurs. It consists, for each one of these pipelines, of radiation reflected from the other pipeline and self-radiation. A non-stationary temperature field of the structure, consisting of two parallel stacked pipes with different diameters lying in a joint insulating structure made of mineral wool, is calculated. The construction elements exchange heat with each other and the environment by convection and radiation.

In conditions of the Middle Lena valley, a growth regulator was used for the first time as a stimulant, which increases the germination of seeds, stimulates the initial growth of plants, promotes resistance to diseases and generally improves the adaptability of perennial grasses in the first years of life. In the studies, the growth stimulator Krezacin was used. «Krezacin» (trekazin, irkutin) is an immunostimulant, adaptogen of a new genera- tion. It is used for active rooting and strengthening of plant immunity in the first years of plant life. The mechanism the cellular level and activates adaptive reactions of plants. The studied areas of field experiments were located in the Middle Lena valley at the scientific station «Markhinsky» of the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryo- lithozone of the SB RAS, located 13 km away from Yakutsk city. For the first time in the conditions of cryogenic floodplain layered soils, the influence of the growth stimulant Kresacin on linear growth, productivity, shoot for- mation and the structure of shoots of a smooth brome of the variety SibNIISKhoz-189 was studied. Over the years of study, it was proven that an effective dose of a growth stimulant Krezacin is 75 ml / 10 l. Three years studies have established that soaking of smooth brome seeds with Krezacin in a given dose promotes an increase in the linear height of smooth brome up to 110.8 cm, the productivity of the above-ground mass by 2 times, an increase in the number of generative shoots by 1.8 times, vegetatively elongated shoots by 2.3 times and vegetatively short- ened ones by 1.6 times. At the same time, the mass of one generative shoots of smooth brome is 3.5 g, which ex- ceeds the control by 16 %, which indicates the maturity and usefulness of the sown phytocenosis.

The purpose of this work is to study age-related changes in the critical values of blood pressure, heart rate and human temperature during the transition from the southern to the northern population groups. Volunteers of male and female (age from 17 to 79 years) of middle Russia (Moscow and the region), African countries and northern peoples of Siberia (Yakuts) took part in the work. Thermometry (thermometer in the armpit basin, 10 min) and tonometry (automatic tonometer «UA-787» of firm «AND ID Medical», Japan) were used as research methods. Age-related changes in the critical values of systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature were established. Regional changes in critical physiological parameters associated with the regulatory influence of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and para- sympathetic divisions) on the cardiovascular system are identified as one of the main compensatory and adaptive systems of the organism that participate in the processes of human adaptation to changes in envi- ronmental conditions.

The effect of presowing treatment on the germination of seeds of three species of g. Iris (I. setosa, I. sanguinea, I. laevigata) was studied. The influence of the following factors was studied: 1) treatment with phytohormones (succinic acid, heteroauxin, Appin, HB-101); 2) cold stratification; 3) scarification (complete removal of the pericarp and alternating soaking and drying); 4) incision of the pericarp of the seed in the area of the scar. The seed treatment with phytohormones was not effective, it led only to the acceleration of the beginning and reduced the duration of germination compared to the control. Stratification of I. setosa and I sanguinea seeds at 4–8 °C stimulated the germination only of a small part of the seeds. Removal of the rind from the seeds of iris bristly did not give good results, only 1 % of seeds germinated at the 43rd day. Alter- nating soaking and drying of seeds of iris bristly also had no significant effect on germination. The positive result gave a cut of the seeds in the area of the scar, as the result a laboratory germination increased in com- parison with the control: I. setosa by 28 %, I. sanguinea – 8,5 % and I. laevigata – 61 %.

The article considers the pyrogenic factor as one of the key environmental factors that formed the late Pleistocene ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere that served as the fodder base for the mammoth megafauna. The lack of direct evidence of the spread of fires in the Late Pleistocene, as well as the difficulty in determining their influence on the formation of ecosystems, was compensated by modeling on the actualis- tic principles of the current spread of fires in the territory of Russia, depending on macro-climatic indices. The disintegration (disappearance) of the mammoth faunal complex could be associated with strong bioceno- ses changes in the early Holocene, when due to climate change in the direction of increasing precipitation and lowering the average annual temperatures, the effect of the pyrogenic factor was minimized. This led to the fact that meadow communities stabilized in the grassy stage of the post-pyrogenic succession process, in the late Pleistocene, were actually a zonal type of vegetation, greatly reduced their areas, giving way to for- est formations. Subsequently, in the Atlantic time of the Holocene and later, the number of wildfires in the territory of Yakutia increased, but due to the absence of large and giant herbivores, the stabilization of suc- cessions in grassy stages ceased and the onset of forest formations began.

This article presents an analysis of the results of a study of the characteristics of lead binding by humic substances in the chernozems of the Selenga middle mountains of Transbaikalia (the headwaters of the Uda river) and of permafrost meadow chernozem soils (quasi-gley chernozems) in the south of the Vitim plat- eau. In the soils studied, the accumulation of lead does not depend on the amount in the soil-forming rock. Thus, in the organogenic horizon of chernozems, its content is 1.5 times lower than in the horizon C. In meadow chernozem soils, on the other hand, in the upper horizon the content of lead is much higher than in the underlying rock. A considerable part of the total lead content in the upper organogenic soil horizon is fixed by humic substances. Since lead is sorbed by fulvic acids, one can expect their migration down the soil profile, due to the high mobility of these acids, which should be taken into account in the future in the presence of obvious contamination. The content of Pb in the investigated soils and herbaceous vegetation does not exceed its clark values and available MPCs, i.e. this can serve as a reference for monitoring activities.

Nowadays the use of satellite telemetry for study of animal ecology is still actual. The domestic radio transmitter «Pulsar» of the satellite system «Argos» / GLONASS was first used to monitor the movements and determine the daily course of the Siberian roe deer of Yakutia under natural conditions. The ob- servation range was selected from the protected areas of the Republic, the resource reserve «Jorono» in the Khangalasskiy district. A female Siberian roe deer was caught on the Lena River crossing. After that, the sat- ellite collar was fixed on the animal, after the installation, the roe deer was released. The location data from the transmitter were obtained in the early winter period during the month of 2014. With the help of these lo- cations, 25 diurnal movements of the roe deer were determined. Using of GIS processing, the boundaries of the site and habitat were determined, the selectivity by stations and the influence of weather factors on the daily course during the observation period were revealed. The first experience of the study of the Siberian roe deer ecology with the help of satellite telemetry of the GPS-radio allowed to obtain scientific data on the use of the territory by ungulates in the early winter period. The received data will be used for Siberian roe deer population counts in Central Yakutia.

During 2013–2016 small mammals have been collected in the interfluve area between the Ana- bar and Olenyok Rivers, in the upper reaches of the Udya River (71°02′N, 116°33′E), at the site of the pro- jected development of one of the world richest deposit of rare earth elements Tomtor. Standard methods were used for collecting small mamals (snap traps and 20-meter furrows with cone-shaped pitfall traps). A total of 860 cone-days and 2,150 trap days were accumulated. For community structure analysis we used only the data collected with the catch furrows. The results of the survey indicate that the population of insectivores and mouse-like rodents is presented by only eight species. The fauna of the area seems to be poorer than that of the Taymyr Peninsula and, to a lesser extent, of the Lena River valley. During the 3-year period of obser- vations the abundance of small mammals varied insignificantly. The majority of the small mammal popula- tion in the studied area was comprised of the wood lemming, who dominated both in forest and open-area communities. This is not typical for small mammal communities of the North-West of Yakutia. Whether it is a stable characteristic of this community or a temporary phenomenon can be established only by further obser- vations.

The voles of the Alticola genus currently remain one of the least well-studied groups of small mammals in Yakutia. This article presents the data on their distribution within Yakutia and their habitat pref- erences in virtually all mountain systems of the region; new find sites are also given. In the present work we used the data of long-term (1986 to 2017) field studies and literature. A total of 3,300 trap-days were accu- mulated, and 145 specimens of Alticola were collected. In the Verkhoyansk mountain system the voles more strictly keep to the habitats of the mountain tundra zone, while in the mountains of the South Yakutia they in- habit both the mountain-forest and the overlying tundra zones. Employing MaxEnt software we created a model of the geographic range of the genus Alticola using also BioClimat climate parameters. The resulting raster model of the Alticola geographic range is based on 5 variables with the highest weight: elevation, the lowest temperature of the coldest month, precipitation of the wettest three consecutive months, average annu- al precipitation, and precipitation of the wettest month. The model of the geographic range revealed two zones with the optimal conditions for the given genus: in the North-East of Yakutia it is the Verkhoyansk Range, Chersky Range and Momsky Range; in the South of Yakutia it is the Aldan Plateau and the Udokan Range.

The article presents main results of comparative growth study and development of young ani- mals, some biological features of local breeds: Yakut, Simmental and imported Kalmyk breed of cattle in Ya- kutia climate. The work was carried out in the subsidiary farm of the Yakut State Agricultural Academy. Ex- perimental population consisted of 45 heads of bull calves, selected according to the method of pairs - ana- logues. We studied the technology of keeping and feeding, growth and development, the morphological and biochemical composition of blood, the physiological state of bull-calves of different breeds. Young animals (experimental group) energy growth was studied by the standard zootechnical method, which is weighing in every 3 months; hematological parameters were determined by hematological analyzer PCE-90Vet; total protein in the serum of blood was determined by a refractometric method; protein fractions – by electropho- resis method in the Yudelovich modification (5 heads from a group). The more intensive diurnal growth (in- crease) was established in the group of imported Kalmyk breed, which ensured the growing of bulls in this group by 20–30 kg alive weight than in peers (Yakut and Simmental cattle) at the same age. Young growth of Kalmyk cattle was distinguished by hypoalbumin and hyper gamma-2 globulin fractions of protein metabo- lism, which reflects the functional activity of their immune system in the conditions of the region.