Evolution of the concept «the Arctic» is considered using a world political approach in conditions of globalization. The world political approach is applied for study of the contemporary international phenomena and processes. The analysis of the empirical material allowed to show the following tendencies of the perception of the concept «the Arctic»: a) at a global level the Arctic geosystem is represented by the Arctic region with its regional policy; b) at a regional level the Arctic geostructure is differentiated by five and eight Arctic countries; c) at a national level questions of spatial planning have a tendency to introduce a determination of an Arctic region covering the aquatory of the Arctic Ocean, given the unified name to the region.

On the basis of new archive sources we analyzed the projects of creating main routes of transportation as a fundamental Soviet strategy for development of natural resources of the North. For the first time the role and position of Yakutia in the discussion of the project of building a transcontinental main railway – the Great Northern Route is investigated. The reasons for the ultimate choice of the alternative (though traditional) option connected with the development of the Northern Sea Route are considered.

Problems of domestication of reindeer in Yakutia, customs and ceremonies, connected to deer are considered. On the basis of petroglyphs of Central and South Yakutia it is suggested that the Tungus tribes which were settled in upper reaches of the Lena, Vitim, Olyokma, Aldan and Amga Rivers were the first reindeer breeders of Yakutia in the II thousand BC. The solar images of deer of the Neolithic and Bronze Eras and The Early Iron Age investigated in the territory of Yakutia are discussed. The types of sacred deer at the Evens and other Tungus peoples, ceremonies, connected to deer, including sacrifices in different cases are described.

Due to the presence of mammoths, bisons, wild horses and other Pleistocene mammals, skillful drive hunting with domesticated wolf (hunting laika), primitive hunters survived in extreme climatic conditions of arctic regions of the north-eastern Asia and laid the foundation of the Arctic settlement by first humans.

General description of pre-Christian beliefs of the Yakut people is given: their structural definition, the basis of the dualistic concept of religious and mythological outlook of this system. In this regard there is division of attendants of a cult into priests and shamans («white», «black») in the conception. It is suggested that there are three steps of versions inside in the «tribe religions».

Study of the problem of stability of traditional form of the world view becomes actual in connection with the searching of the alternate world outlook orientations in conditions of a civilized society. Such attempt with use of field material was undertaken by the author in the article. During the post-soviet period in the people’s world view it is restored and gradually enters a religious component. The data given in the article show that traditional world outlook carrying out the function of the ethnic tradition in many respects defines behavioural stereotypes. Nowadays in ceremonies of life cycle and everyday life the Yakuts try to adhere to traditions, rituals for mercy of spirits living according to traditional world outlook in their surrounding medium. Aal Kuduk Mas – the World tree as a building block of the system of traditional culture quite steadily enters a universe of the Yakuts, and in the basis of revival processes there is the heroic epos – olonkho. Images of the mythological deities impart ethnic color to the national culture. In the article also an attempt is undertaken to consider one of the central concepts of traditional world outlook which is the phenomenon of shamanizm, and also to find out the value of moral guidelines of traditional culture for the modern Yakuts.

The article is devoted to the social and political activities of G.V. Ksenofontov, one of the brilliant representatives of the Yakut clerisy of the first half of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the communication of ideas of Siberian regionalism with the party of the Yakut Federalists formed in the Yakut region under the influence of the February revolution of 1917 in Russia. The ideological inspirer and the author of the Federalist Party programme was G.V. Ksenofontov.

Interaction of native Yakut and Russian languages in the form of the phenomenon of interference is presented on a wide material of the author’s personal observations during several expeditions (in UstAldansky, Megino-Kangalassky, Gorniy, Vilyuysky uluses), records of the spontaneous Russian speech and written works of graduates of national schools, the Vilyuysky Pedagogical College, entrants of the NEFU university. On the basis of the analysis of the most typical mistakes in written speech of Sakha-bilinguals in the form of main models of the interference phenomena caused by distinctions in structures of native Yakut and Russian languages at all levels of the language the extents of possession of the Russian language are described.

Humanitarian scientific thought nowadays aspires to greater universality, turning into a new scientific quality and trying to integrate into contemporary humanitarian space. First of all, reference should be made to such a well-known term as a philosophy of literature, which in recent years has become a separate area of scientific knowledge alongside of such cutting-edge disciplines as philosophy of culture or philosophy of art.

The study focuses on a specific genre of modern foreign literature-fiction and on one of the most popular and demanded its manifestations – the fantasy genre.

The article discusses one of the important problems of social philosophy – the problem of the alignment of social being and social consciousness. It is one of not only academic problems of philosophy, but is the subject of a mandatory curriculum on philosophy at universities. The problem of identity of being and thinking is central to the German classical philosophy. Then it was developed in Marxist philosophy within the solution of the fundamental question of philosophy. Now there is a largely unjustified departure from the categorical arsenal of classical philosophy, including the dialectical materialism understanding of the fundamental question of philosophy. The author believes that it is necessary, using the conceptual framework of classical philosophy to give a modern interpretation of the basic question of philosophy, referring to the events in our country late XX – early ХХ1 centuries. It is no coincidence, since these events are truly momentous in its history. The article concludes that the present confirms the importance and relevance of the basic question of social philosophy – the question of the primacy of social being and that social consciousness is secondary. The article criticized some newfangled trends in Russian literature, claiming the last word in philosophy. Most of them are different versions of Husserl’s phenomenology. It is shown that their terminology often does not carry deep philosophical sense, but is merely verbal gymnastics. The author uses the traditional categories of philosophical classics for understanding the fundamental changes in the social existence of modern Russia. And the basic question of social philosophy serves as a methodological key of the investigation.

The existing approaches to the definition of «traditional culture» and «traditional society» in Russia and other countries are analyzed. In order to fill them with new meaning and content the author attempted to consider these terms in the context of a new interpretation of «civilization wave». The emphasis is made on the cultural aspect of the «civilizational wave» rather than on the conventional socio-economic one. The main focus of the work is the civilization wave as a global process, modifying elements of traditional culture and traditional society and underlying social and cultural transformations.

On the basis of the analysis of changes in the electoral laws the characteristic of the main tendencies of electoral policy is given and its influence on practice of the elections in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is revealed. The analysis of the elections of the Head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is carried out, and also the dynamics of change of party representation in the State Meeting (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of the third, fourth and fifth convocations is considered.

Statistical and sociological analyses of the rural employment characteristics in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is carried out. The differences in employment and wages of urban and rural populations are characterized. Unemployment rates for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District in 2006–2013 are compared. The results of the sociological research conducted in rural population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented. The scope and extension features of such nonstandard employment forms in rural areas as casual (fixed-term) employment, part-time employment, selfemployment, secondary employment, employment in households, informal employment are analyzed. Negative and positive tendencies of increase of non-standard forms of employment are identified.

The sedimentary layer of the East of Siberian platform is formed with sediments of «Caledonian», «Hercynian» and «Cenozoic» sedimentary rock basins (SRB) which were evolving by the same scheme: rift, passive margin, collision and post collision stages. Matching in vertical projection of these SRB on the one hand favored the activation of processes of generation and migration of hydrocarbons, reshaping of hydrocarbon deposits in the layers of elder SRB, on the other hand processes of vertical migration of hydrocarbons from layers of elder SRB to the layers of the new SRB favored the activation in them of processes of generation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons.

The data of oil prospecting drilling allowed to carry out the study of tectonics of the southern part of the Yakut diamondiferous province. The investigated territory belongs to the central part of the regional ViluyskMarkhinskaya zone of breaks having more complex structure of the sedimentary cover. The analysis of tectonic schemes allowed to prove the prospects of this territory and to allocate the most optimum site for search of a kimberlite field.

As a result of the study of mineralogical features of placer gold of the Bolshaya Kuonamka river placer it is defined that, Precambrian ore manifestations of gold-quarts-lowsulfide type could be its basic primary sources. Identification of porpezite in association with platinum group metals, as well as inclusions of iron platinum in the gold indicate that gold-plationoid ore formation occurs in this region. Discovery of autochthonous gold of ore habit suggests that, primary source is located close enough. This can be connected with a tectonic magmatic intensification of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic stage.

It is established, that at the end of Late Silurian in the North of the Eurasian and American continents the downturn of a level of World ocean has resulted in drainage of the large territories from which occurred a demolition of terrigenous material in shallow isolated and semi-isolated lagoons surrounding the East Europe, Siberian and North American (Canadian) platforms. With aridization of the climate it is connected deposition of sulfates and salt, and redox processes promoted formation of variegated mainly redbeds stratum which traced on all northern hemisphere of the Earth.

Long-term observations of the temperatures of the air, snow and moss covers and grounds in the Upper Zeya plain (300 m a.s.l.) and in the Turan Ridge (600 m a.s.l.) have been analyzed. It has been found that the mean annual temperature beneath a 0,3–0,6 m snow cover is 7,5–10,5°C higher than air temperature and becomes positive (0,9–3,2°C). Under a moss cover 0,07–0,30 m in thickness, on the contrary, the mean annual temperature is lowered by 0,5–1,8°C, being 0,2–2,0ºC at its base. A further decrease in ground temperatures to 0ºC or lower occurs due to the cooling effect of moss and moist soil horizons.

The faunal analysis of fish of Yakutia is presented. The arctic (28%) and arctic-boreal (17%) fish are the basis of the fish fauna, which together make about the half of the species list (45%). They are followed by fish of Boreal plain complex (30%), Boreal-piedmont plain complex (9%) and Chinese plain complex (9%). From the other fish we note a roach as a representative of Ponto-Caspian complex and a sucker, which clearly came from North America. Another feature of the Arctic is low endemism of the fish fauna at levels of families (5%) and genera (2%). There are only 2 endemic species of 43 ones of Yakutia. As one of adaptations for life in these conditions one can consider such properties as burying in the silt for winter (2 species of carp) or even the formation of a kind of capsule by young lampreys. There is few number of fish in Yakutia which are highly specialized in food. According on nutrition character the benthophages (42%) and euryphages (30%) are dominant; there are relatively few predators-ichthyophages (17%) and zooplanktonphages (9%) and only one species of detritophages (Siberian lamprey – 2%). That is why the large intraspecific diversity of whitefish and salmon fish is interpreted as the result of evolution of northern ecosystems in the way of increasing the number of internal links and stability of northern ecosystems. Many species lay their eggs in sand (16%) or stone-gravel soil (30%) and on plants (phytophages – 19%). There is a special group of fish that show care for their offspring – 16%.

Because the thallus of the lichen genus Cladonia is a valuable raw material for series of biological products used in medicine and food industry, we performed analysis on the content of a number of toxic and biogenic elements and also ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr radionuclides in lichen samples taken from different areas of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It is shown that in the lichens gathering locations (for subsequent biotechnological processing) the content of toxic heavy metals and radionuclides is tens times below the maximum allowable concentration for these elements in foods.

The effect of lead and cadmium ions of concentrations 3, 15, 30, 60, 120 µM on seed germination and seedling development of Matricaria сhamomilla is investigated. It is shown more toxic effect of Cd²⁺ ions on seedlings, expressed in inhibition of root growth compared to the effect of Pb²⁺ and the combined action of Pb²⁺+Cd²⁺ ions. In general, the tendency to increase the activity of components of antioxidant protection of low molecular weight and enzyme nature, the intensity of lipid peroxide oxidation and photosynthetic pigments content under the action of heavy metal ions (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ + Cd²⁺) in a concentration range of 3 ÷ 120 µM.

Original theoretical ideas on the system organization of binocular vision have been developed. It is discovered that epiphenomenon of visual perception, «a virtual image» (VI), reveales itself during fulfillment of visual functions by a human being. Usage of VI as a standard of binocular vision provided the basis for arrangement system of school students’ impaired visual acuity correction. School pupils with asthenopia, paroxysm accommodation and early-detected myopia were trained and specific motivation for doing exercises for vision acuity improvement was formed. These exercises resulted in visual acuity improvement of all the students trained. These students were recommended to observe eye hygiene procedures and to exercise at home. The article summarizes and proves the original methods and approaches to the visual acuity improvement in out-of-hospital conditions.