It is shown that at identification of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone (RFAZ) despite the objective severity of the natural environment of the territories of some districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) or their parts they were not attributed to the zone. The history of this issue is given in details. The specific attention is drawn to the implementation of a formal approach to defining the criteria which determine the territory of the RFAZ. For example, for some regions we see the application of geomorphological criterion of the rivers flow direction, but in case of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) the principle according to which the RFAZ should include municipal (formerly administrative) districts with access to the sea coast was applied.

When determining the RFAZ area it is suggested considering astronomical, economic, social, demographic, natural criteria and political realities, considerations of continuity and convenience of state government. It is recommended to apply the following leading criteria: connection of transport systems with the Arctic marine areas and ports located in lower reaches of the northern rivers; the line of the Arctic Circle reflecting the most specific factors in the Arctic with environmental negative impact on the human body and a number of bioclimatic factors. Bioclimatic factors include: the sum of average daily temperatures over the period with stable air temperature below 0°C; the duration of the period with temperature below minus 30°C; wet cooling wind index according to Hill; duration of the heating season; the depth of the permafrost thawing. Application of the integrated map offered by the authors will allow all the declared uluses (districts) of Sakha Republic to be included into RZAF.

The article reviews the non-uniform distribution of coloured gemstones in the territory of the Russian Federation and a particular position of the East-Siberian Coloured Gemstone Province. At mineragenic division into districts a province is accepted as the most big part which generally corresponds to platforms and folded orogenic districts of complex structure. A mineragenic zoning of the East-Siberian Coloured Gemstone Province is carried out in which the following parts are allocated: the Taymyr Coloured Gemstone District; Olenyok-Anabar, Mid-Siberian and Aldano-Stanovaya subprovinces, including North-Taymyr, MaimechaKotuiskaya, Anabaro-Olenyok, Daldyno-Alakitskaya, Tungussko-Viluyskaya, Katanga-Angarskaya, Kanskaya, Chara-Olekminskaya, Central Aldan, Aldan, Timptono-Zeyskaya, Tynda and Uchur-Maymakan mineragenic zones and ore locations. Their description is presented.

According to the modern data about hot accretion of the Earth it is established that the value of specific intensity of diamond roentgenoluminescence was determined by the composition of residual melt of magma ocean, in which kimberlite magma was formed and diamonds were crystallized. This value decrease in the sequence octahedron – rhombic dodecahedron – cube; flatface – round diamonds; crystals with flatface and with sculptures. This reflects the change of the morphology of crystallized diamonds under the influence of strong reduction of carbon diffusion speed and increase of the extent of supersaturation of the residual melt during fractionation of the ocean.

The results of study of morphology features, type of structural orientation and calculation of residual pressure by Raman spectroscopy in olivine inclusions in diamonds from the Ebelyakh placer and kimberlite pipes of the Yakutian diamondiferous province are provided in order to identify syngenetic signs, physical parameters of their intrusion into diamonds from deposits of different genetic types. The studied diamonds with olivine inclusions are presented by crystals of the I variety on mineralogical classification of Yu.L. Orlov. The morphology of the olivine inclusions both in the kimberlite diamonds and in the diamonds from the Ebelyakh placer shows that olivine form depends on their arrangement in a volume of a host crystal. Epitaxial orientation of olivine inclusions in diamonds from kimberlites and nonepitaxial orientation in crystals from the Ebelyakh placer are observed by X-Ray method. The residual pressure value P_f =4,7±0,5 GPa corresponding to crystallization conditions at a model temperature of diamond growth 1200°С is calculated by Raman spectroscopy. According to these values the depth of diamond crystallization for the Aikhal and the Udachnaya pipes is not less than 165 km. The syngenetic signs for olivine inclusions from kimberlites are the epitaxial structural orientation in host crystal and features of their morphology. For olivine inclusions in diamonds from the Ebelyakh placer only one syngenetic sign is established.

The shadow relief of Yakutia studying allowed to discover in Lena-Vilyuy region previously unknown magmatic structure, which turned out to be a volcanic apparatus, consisting of a cone of dacitic lavas and a laccolith andesitic body. In the dacitic lavas we found anorthosite xenoliths with native metals copper (prevails), aluminum, silver, iron and tin and related with barium metasomatism superimposed copper-silver mineralization of chalcopyrite, galena, argentite, imiterite, miargyrite and native silver. Two types of carbon were established in the anorthosites: opaque – graphite and transparent, presumably, the diamond. Detected in the lavas mineral paragenesis of clinoenstatite–fayalite–baddeleyite–pyrope-almandine–ilmenite– titanomagnetite–spinelli indicates its formation under conditions of high pressure and temperature. However, the volcanic apparatus can be considered as a means of delivering a variety of materials from greater depths. The volcanic complex is specialized in silver-copper mineralization, which ore manifestations can be localized in near volcanic depressions and comply with volcanogenic-sedimentary type of mineralization.

A full section of the Torgo formation on wells with continuous coring is described for the first time. This formation records representative association of well preserved microfossils of several groups (Spinous, Сhlorococcales, Talakan). Stratigraphically it is replaced by very rich association of Vendian (Ediacaran) microfossil. The Torgo formation is of the Late Riphean age, because it contains microfossils Trachyhistrichosphaeracurta, Soktokutasporifera, Macroptychauniplicata, ellipsoidal cells with typical polar lumps (Torgiaellipsoida), known from the Upper Riphean of the Southern Urals, Yenisey Range and Uchur-May area. Besides the Torgo formation, Torgosphaera species occur in the Bezymen and Miroedikha formations of the Upper RipheanTurukhan area.

In the second half of the Asselian and first half of the Sakmarian the Verkhoyansk and Omolon ammonoid assemblages were formed, in which local elements (Bulunites, Kolymoglaphyrites) were dominated. Since the beginning of large Echian transgression at the turn of the early and late Sakmarian almost complete taxonomic regeneration of the Ammonoids happened due to a wide expansion of the Ural elements (Uraloceras, Paragastrioceras, Andrianovia, Tabantalites) well adapted to the local environmental conditions. In the Early Artinskian the period of maximum sea warming brief invasion of the Ural biota (Neoshumardites) in the Western Verkhoyansk region took place. In the middle of the Artinskian a new ammonoid assemblage formed in the Verkhoyansk basin mostly from local elements (Eotumaroceras). The Verkhoyansk ammonoid area constantly expanded, and the assemblage transformed first to the Verkhoyansk-Okhotsk assemblage (Late Artinskian), and then to Verkhoyansk-Omolon assemblage (Kungurian – Roadian). Thus a succession of ammonoid associations took place with domination of genera of a local origin, but spread widely beyond Northeast Asia (Tumaroceras, Neouddenites, Biarmiceras, Epijuresanites, Sverdrupites). The Permian Verkhoyansk-Omolon ammonoid assemblage dissappeared at the Late Roadian.

The geological and geophysical arguments indirectly confirming new ideas of a deep structure of the joint zone of the Siberian platform and the Baikal-Patomsky folded area in the Patomsky sector of the folded belt of the same name are received and considered.The avlakogene nature of the bottom of the Nepsko-Peleduysky arch is postulated on the basis of earlier conducted studies. It is reasoned that the Nepsko-Botuobinsky anteclise in Akitkano-Nepsky and Patomsky (the Nepsko-Peleduysky arch and partially Mirninsky ledge) sectors of the folded belt is jointed with the Baykal-Patomsky folded area by means of a deep mantle break a regional seam which position is inherited by the position of the Lena River bed.On this basis the NyuyskoDzherbinsky hollow in these sectors isn't allocated, and the Predpatomsky deflection is reduced and presented by many kilometers terrigenous deposits in its internal part located in a near front zone of the folded belt and it is possible its expansion in the Patomsky sector of southeast border of the Nepsko-Botuobinsky anteclise to the east up to the left bank of the Lena River. Formal signs of existence of structural elements of a superbasin in the studied territory are established. Formation conditions and the prospects of discovering of a large oil-and-gas bearing basin in the subbase deposits in which a total generative potential of the Riphean deposits of the paleorift system and Predpatomsky regional system is realized are estimated.

The necessity of innovative development of the oil and gas industry is being discussed. Evaluation of oil and gas projects accounting for R&D costs, cost of implementation of innovations are overviewed. Real option methodology, stochastic simulation of the oil price, reserves value modeling are utilized for evaluation of projects with a high uncertainty. A model of evaluation of a reserve cost at early stage accounting for risks and uncertainty of R&D costs is created. The model features, abilities and advantages of its practical application are considered.

A brief review of construction of hydraulic-fill structures in Russia, including permafrost areas is presented. World experience shows that despite the difficulties of construction of hydraulic structures in permafrost conditions, caused by presence of frozen layers, harsh climatic conditions, wet technological process, in some cases, inwash is the only cost-effective way. Russia has a considerable experience of construction of hydraulic-fill structures in the cryolithozone including the use of hydromechanization method for inwash of construction sites during the development of gas-condensate and oil fields in Western Siberia, as well as of filling of territories to be used for construction of buildings in Yakutia. An innovative method of construction of hydraulic structures in permafrost conditions based on the use of borehole hydroproduction is proposed.

This study examines the influence of hot process water leaks on ground temperatures beneath the buildings of the Yakutsk Combined Heat and Power Plant. The warming effect of leaks has been found to extend down to 15 m or more into the permafrost. At times, measurements detected a rise of ground temperatures up to 36°С. Water movement tends to concentrate in areas where the soils have already thawed due to previous leakage incidents. Even short leaks result in a significant increase in talik volume, while restoration of the frozen grounds will take many years.

The processes of structure formation of polymer composites based on UHMWPE and ceramic nanoparticles are investigated. The regularities of control of the processes of structure formation in the UHMWPE based on the technological aspects of improving of structural activity of nanoparticles, chemical nature and concentration of fillers are established. It is shown that mechanical activation of the nanopowders eliminates their agglomeration and ensures uniform distribution in the UHMWPE. Being crystallization centers of a polymer the activated nanoparticles form structures with close-packages of the structural elements in a volume that decrease microstrains in the polymer crystalline phases. Materials with such structural organization have elevated strain-strength and tribological properties in comparison with a base polymer. It is shown that by combination of different nanomodifiers and their concentrations in the polymer matrix it is possible to create heterogeneous systems with controlled structural self-organization defining mechanical properties of polymer compositions.

The problem of improvement of operational properties of wood frame structures, structural wood-base composites and glued wood building parts, is especially actual for construction in northern areas. Experience of building in Yakutia shows sufficient reliability and durability of structures from larch wood in spite of the fact that processing of the wood is technologically quite difficult. For example, larch planks at technological process of drying are jarred on, cracks appear, and also wood rigidity increases. The listed shortcomings are caused by features of a structure of the wood material, and the degree of intensity of their manifestation is proportional to the wood density. The results of a study of quality indicators of wood received in laboratory and field conditions are discussed. A new method of graphic display of distribution of density in cross and longitudinal sections of a tree trunk based on measurements by microdrilling are developed. The method allows to estimate density indicators in round assortments of wood and then use them as a theoretical basis for creation of special software for devices working on the principle of focused drilling. The developed technique of assessment of quality indicators of forest resources will contribute the diversity of use of wood materials, reduction of production cost, and improvement of quality in wood construction.

Growing traffic and goods turnover on the Kolyma federal highway cause the increase of regulatory burden on the bridge structures. Study of a problem of rising of loading capacity of reinforced concrete superstructures of highway bridges in conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is carried out. Test results of investigation of concrete bridges on the federal highway «Kolyma» showed that the most common defects and damage are shells, chipped concrete surface, leaching of cement paste, destruction of the protective layer and, as a consequence, corrosion of the reinforcement. Metal armaturein concrete products and structures is a responsible link and at the same time is a weak spot, since because the moisture and alkaline conditions of concrete cause the reinforcement corrosion, that leads to a decrease in performance, including loading capacity. This paper proposes a design of slab superstructure reinforced with basalt-composite rods instead of slab reinforced concrete superstructure with armature AIII. On the example of a road bridge over the Malinovka river at km 552 + 482 of the Kolyma highway with reduced carrying capacity a comparison of the load bearing capacity of slabs with basalt-composite fittings manufactured at the basalt materials plant in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and metal fittings AIII is carried out. It was showed that on the strength at normal and oblique sections the load bearing capacity with a bending moment of the slab reinforced with six 20 mm diameter basalt-composite rods is 10% more than the capacity of the slab, reinforced with ten AIII steel reinforcement rods of 20 mm diameter.There was no significant difference of lateral forces on the oblique section.

The information about molecular mechanisms underlying insulin secretion in β-cells of islets of Langerhans is of paramount importance in understanding of molecular pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and is fundamental basis for the development of modern pharmaceutical pathogenetic therapy for diabetes mellitus and its complications. The review presents the current data for the study of molecular and biological aspects of the regulation of insulin secretion. The promising targets for pharmacological intervention of diabetes mellitus are discussed.

Possible role of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in individual sensibility to alcohol and alcoholinduced pathology as such as mechanisms of GGT-enzyme system in organism resistances regulation including allergic sensitiveness and some forms of collagen's diseases development are discussed. This supposition based on the next reasons: 1. The detoxification role of GGT may be conditioned by the participating in glutathione metabolism. 2. GGT can regulatethe cells and tissues amino acids pools by facilitation its transport throw the cell membranes as known the GGTregulating function in blood-brain barriers permeability. 3. The enzyme GGT-system participates in collagen polypeptides complex synthesis and catabolism processes and this way be able to regulate the collagen metabolic state and diseases of connective tissue. 4. GGT may be included in mechanisms of some physiological effects of histamine by means of chemical binding and deactivation of high histamine concentration with the gammaglutamylhistamine producing. It is molecular base of antiallergic efficiency of GGT. 5. GGT possibly participates in concentration level and function balances of neuromediators (adrenaline, noradrenalin, serotonin, dopamine, histamine) which are substrates of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 6. It was found that the GGT level is differ in Tand B-subclasses of lymphocytes during some infection and other diseases. So in normal physiological GGT may be trigger enzyme system for the resistance and immune competence optimal state. Abnormal blood and tissues GGT (very high or low activity) may be effective marker in diagnostic and prognostic problems, for example collagen diseases which connected with the deregulations (destruction, dysplasia) of connective tissues.New mechanisms of some drugs and nonmedicamentous factors in regulation of the GGT state may be useful for enzyme therapy in pathological processes as such as in rehabilitation.

On the basis of a special study of blood and cardiac rhythm the features of physiological mechanisms of formation of the nonspecific adaptive reactions (NAR) of an organism of Evenki men constantly living in the territory of the Oleneksky Evenki national district in various age groups are analyzed. The study was conducted in winter months (December-February) 2013-2014 during the polar night season. Two age periods with the maximum peaks of adverse adaptive reactions of the Evenki men are revealed: early adult age (B2; 25-34 years old) and late adult age (B4; 51-64 years old) with different physiological mechanisms of formation. In B2 group the peak of the reactions is caused by strengthening of duplication by adaptation processes from the central regulation (intersystem type of regulation). In B4 group the peak is stipulated by the intrasystem reorganizations and strengthening of a tone of the sympathetic nervous system.

The paper explains the concept of "flora" in modern botanical science. The entity of floristic studies from other botanical sciences, including geobotany, is justified. The outstanding specialists, such as A.I. Tolmachev, B.A. Yurtsev, R.V. Kamelin and others played a fundamental role in the development of the floristic research in Russia. A.I. Tolmachev laid the foundation of the Russian school of comparative floristics. Nowadays, this school has reached a high level of perfection in the development of techniques and the accumulation of basic data. Necessity to expand this direction in the territory of Yakutia is substantiated. An overview of the literature on the flora of Yakutia for the prior period is provided. The first check-list of Yakutian flora was composed by V.L. Komarov in 1926. Further floristic investigations in Yakutia were advanced by the large summarizing works of M.N. Karavaev, B.A. Yurtsev, A.I. Tolmachev and B. N.Andreev with their coauthors – V.P. Ivanova, P.A. Gogoleva, A.A. Egorova, V.I. Zakharova, L.V. Kuznetsova. The role of the Herbarium SASY and its founders V.A. Sheludyakova and M.N. Karavaev in the study of the flora of Yakutia is highlighted. Targets of floristic investigations in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the nearest future are determined. These tasks are focused on a taxonomic revision of plant species, increasing research density of studied area, application and extension of comparative floristics methods, training students of higher education institutions, as well as on the republication of the Manual for Identification of the Vascular Plants and publication of scientific-popular and scientific-methodological literature.

Some results of floristic investigations carried out in July-August 2013 in the Indigirka River low reaches in surroundings of the settlements Chokurdakh and Russkoe Ustje and also on the right bank of the Indigirka at Burulgin Cape are presented. New locations of rare species (including 7^* species listed in the Red Data Books of the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia) were found. The findings of isolated populations of Beckmannia syzigachne, Pleuropogon sabinii, Hordeum brevisubulatum, ^*Carex supina subsp. spaniocarpa, ^*Lysieila oligantha, ^*Minuartia obtusiloba, Sagina nodosa, Arabidopsis bursifolia, Arabis umbrosa, ^*Parnassia kotzebuei, ^*Vicia macrantha, ^*Androsace ochotensis, ^*Pedicularis pennellii, Gentiana barbata, Castilleja rubra, Crepis chrysantha and others provided new information about the distribution and ecology features of these rare species in Arctic Yakutia. On the right bank of the Indigirka River near Burulgin Cape a compact territory where the majority of the listed above rare species of plants grow was found and it was recommended to organize a specially protected area there.

Studies of the flora and vegetation of the Alazeya River valley in the middle and lower reaches were conducted. The route studies were made using the generally accepted floristic and geobotanical methods. 239 species of vascular plants from 106 genera and 42 families were revealed on this part of the river. The leading families are Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Brassicaeae, Ranunculaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Scrophulariaceae, accounting for 63.4% of the total number of the revealed flora. 8.9% of the plants are common for northern taiga and near-tundra subzones, whereas 14.5% of species are grown in the tundra zone, and are common with near-tundra light forests. 23% of the plants are widespread. According to the geobotanical zoning of Yakutia the middle and lower reaches of the Alazeya River cover 3 districts, 3 subprovinces, 6 subzones, and 2 zones. Each zone and subzone features its specific vegetation. Prolonged floodings cause a huge loss to natural complexes and agriculture. It results in decrease of the areas occupied by forests, hayfields and pastures. The fodder resources for waterfowl birds and wild animals are reduced as well.

The flora of vascular plants and a vegetative cover of the Viluy River basin, first of all flora of vicinities of Lake Mastakh, which includes 86 species belonging to 34 families and 68 sorts, are considered. The study of flora and vegetation were carried out on the basis of route studies by generally accepted floristic and geobotanical methods. The leading families are Poaceae. Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae, Cyperaceae, Ranunculaceae making the half of the flora composition (50%). One-specific families (about 20%) dominate. Among vital forms the grassy ones (45 species or 52.3%) prevail which majority belongs to polycarpicherbs. There are 4 species of annuals and biennials, 3 of trees, 15 of bushes, 4 of low shrubs, 1 of semi-low shrubs. More than 23 % of the flora are hydrophytes, hygrophytes, hygromezophytes and mezohygrophytes. Only next three purely water species (hydratophytes) were noted: Potamogeton filiformis Pers., P. perfoliatus L. and Utricularia vulgaris L. According to the geobotanical zoning of Yakutia the territory of Lake Mastakh belongs to the Viluysk district of Central Yakutia subprovince of the middle-taiga subzone. A characteristic feature of the vegetation is the dominance of larch cranberry and Ledum forests combined with hummocky reed and sedge meadows, herbal and moss-sedge swamps and thickets of Betula fruticosa, B. exilis.

Data about new floristic findings of rare species in the Maya River valley (South-Eastern Yakutia) are presented. New locations of rare species of the sorts Spiraea – S. humilis Pojark and S. sericea Turcz., endemic to the River Aldan basin Rumex jacutensis Kom., and also endemic to the mountains of the North-East Saxifraga lastea Turcz. are found. A detailed description of the phytocenotic ambiance of the species, dates of collection, phonological phase, category of curiosity, ecology and biology, general distribution, as well as the image material and a map of the distribution of rare and endemic species in the studied area are given.

The results of a study on selection of the parental forms of potatoes suitable from economic point of view and with good resistance to the most widespread diseases in arid conditions of Yakutia are presented. As pollinators 15 varieties of early and middle early groups of ripeness with high economic efficiency were used. Twenty three combinations of crossing with 17 maternal forms were carried out. Such varieties as Romans, Neptun, Yakutianka, Tabor and Adretta were the most effective pollinators by the results of hybridization. These varieties have valuable economic qualities and resistance to diseases. In selection the potatoes hybrids received from the research institutes VIR, VNIIKH, Kemerovsky NIISH were used. As a result of the selection works such new promising hybrids as 117-1 (720.131 x Spring) and 152 – 3 (93,13,238 x Karlena), with potential productivity in Yakutia of 47.3 t/hectare, steady by the results of two years' study against a cancer, and the hybrid 117-1 also against to a nematode were received.

The changes of physical and chemical properties of the permafrost steppe soils in the valley of the Lena River, located in the suburban area of Yakutsk city are considered. These soils in their natural (virgin) condition are characterized by a relatively high potential fertility. However currently as a result of the long unsystematic use, as permanent pastures and plowed fields, the soils significantly lost their performance due to the deterioration of the basic physical and chemical properties (increase of specific gravity, reducing of humus, mobile forms of nutrients content, increasing the pH value etc.). To determine the physical and chemical properties of the soils samples from the layers 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm were taken. The results of the study showed that in the areas of intensive zoogenic, anthropogenic and technogenic impact agrochemical parameters of the soils are changed to the worse. The pH values increase, total nitrogen and its moving forms contents reduce, as well as mobile phosphorus, all this indicates a substantial degradation of total fertility of the soils. In such a critical situation almost the only way to restore the lost physical and chemical indicators of the degraded soils is the systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers on the background of the surface treatment of the plow layer. And in case of a severe degradation of soil only using radical treatment with high doses of both organic and mineral fertilizers one can achieve positive results.

The dynamics of hydrochemical composition of Yakutsk city lakes as one of indicators of modern conditions of the lakes formation is considered. The lakes on their chemical composition belong to sodium bicarbonate group, are medium mineralized, slightly alkaline and moderate hardwater. On macroelement structure the lakes with high and low concentration of macroelements are revealed. Biogenic substances are quite widely presented, some of them considerably exceed maximum permissible concentration for culturally household water use. Such microelements as lead, copper, zinc and manganese are widespread. General tendency of increase of these microelements contents is noted, but not exceeding limits of maximum permissible concentration for culturally household water use. The total specific combinatory index of impurity of the water calculated on which value the studied city lakes belong to the polluted ones. By years of the study the total specific combinatory index of impurity of the water fluctuates from pure to polluted. On the basis of analysis of the references and own conclusions a scheme of anthropogenic influence on surface waters of the lakes of Yakutsk city in three directions – on scale, time and nature of action is developed.