In the last 200 years, together with the increase of CO₂ concentration there is unprecedented growth of CH₄ content in the atmosphere, caused by anthropogenic influence. According to the principle of positive feedback the increase of concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can lead to the warming up, sufficient for decomposition of natural methane hydrates, especially those, which are located in the Arctic seas and tundra zone in the metastable state. It is at the same time known that in the history of the Earth the ejections of CH₄ into the atmosphere in connection with the mass decomposition of methane hydrates led to the climatic-caused biospheric catastrophes which were Mesozoic and Cenozoic catastrophic warming ups. The planetary climatic system at present is in the state of deterministic chaos. In this state even relatively small contributions to the greenhouse effect can cause significant changes in its functioning, in consequence of which the responsibility of the humanity for selection by the climatic system of further trajectory of its development rises.

The paper presents the data on precipitation and snow cover isotopic composition in the area of Yakutsk city in winter 2013–2014. The results are in agreement with the published average data on the precipitation isotopic composition for cold seasons 2000/2001. The combined use of atmospheric precipitation and snow cover isotopic analysis results allowed us to specify the equation of local meteoric water line for the winter period in the area of Yakutsk, where the coefficient and the constant term are close to the global meteoric water line. Specified dependencies of the isotopic composition of winter precipitation on the temperature in the area of Yakutsk are obtained which are close to the values for the cold regions of Northern Hemisphere.

The results of an investigation of temperature effect of aerosol in the summer season over the central part of Yakutia during the period 2004–2014 are presented. The data of ground-based and satellite measurements and also of climate models NCEP/NCAR and ERA-Interim, which are based on the same measurements. Aerosol depth and particle size distribution data are obtained using «AERONET» CE-318 sunphotometer near Yakutsk.It is first time showed that a disturbance of the atmosphere by aerosol particles which is caused by forest fires area lead to a decrease of direct solar radiation flow and in an additional presence of a negative phase of upward longwave one, a surface air temperature decreasing is observed.

On the basis of experimental data of observations of low-frequency radio emissions carried out in the vicinity of Yakutsk city and Batagai settlement the resonant effects of lightning electromagnetic signals are considered. The effects have frequencies which are below the critical frequency of transverse resonance of the «earth–ionosphere» waveguide.The effects in the form of «bands» (quasi-periodic emissions) registered mostly in the vicinity of Batagai were standing out. The main resonance frequency of the effects was about 145 Hz, and Q-factor was about 10.The distribution of possible critical frequencies obtained on the basis of the signals with upper frequency «cut-off» reveals a fairly wide range of frequencies, with maximum events at 700–800 Hz. In the range of 350–600 Hz it is observed the coincidence of frequencies of different types of the resonant effects: bands, «knees» (dispersion upwards and downwards from the resonant frequency) and signals with upper frequency «cut-off». The waveguide formed by the layers of the ionosphere is proposed as a possible waveguide, in which these resonance effects are manifested.

The seismotectonic map of Eastern Siberia represents the first attempt to unite various geologicalgeophysical data that specify the connection between seismicity and tectonics events in the regions of Altai, Tuva, Buryatia and Yakutia. The main scientific achievements of the completed seismotectonic map of Eastern Siberia are structural-kinematic identification of strong earthquake centers zones of the most seismically active Eastern Siberia segments; structural-dynamic modeling of the main seismogenic zones in Arctic-Asian and Baikal-Stanovoi zones connected with the interaction zones of Eurasian and North American lithosphere plates and detection of potentially source zones with maximum seismic potential within their limits. For the first time research data explained the model of seismicity occurrence in separate segments of fold-mountain systems in Baikal-Stanovoi and Arctic-Asian seismic zones.

In the Middle Paleozoic of Northeastern Eurasia there are two global event levels where systemic restructuring of climate and sedimentogenesis and expansion of pioneer communities of brachiopods mate. The first is a Lower Pridolian Event fixed on the boundary of Ludfordian/Pridolian with the change of ostracode sulfate facies of red semi-lagoon by brachiopod limestone facies shallow shelf and the explosive advent of pioneering associations of brachiopods Atrypoidea phoca (Salter) and Collarothyris canaliculata (Wenjukow). And the second is Klonk Event set on the Silurian/Devonian boundary, where grey-colored algal-dolomite lagoonal facies are replaced by brachiopod limestone facies-shallow shelf and associations of Early Devonian tabulate corals, brachiopods and conodonts Zieglerodina remscheidensis (Ziegler) appear.

The results of long-term ground temperature observations at subsurface disposal sites of drainage water from the Udachnaya diamond mine in Western Yakutia are presented. Three hydrogeothermal zones are identified based on the changes in the temperature field of the permafrost. The ground temperature dynamics in these zones can be used as criteria for assessing the effect of injected water on the geological environment, as well as a basis for developing measures to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.

Formula that determines the amount of water for unexplored lakes in Yakutia were obtained on the basis of morphometric and bathymetric data. Using the water balance approach transit-accumulative features of the lakes were identified. It is expected that the work will allow to determine the extent of transit possibilities of unexplored lakes in the studied area for the indirect environmental monitoring of water resources. Most of the examined lakes have no inflow and outflow. Such lakes were attributed to accumulative type. Thermokarst lakes, located in the central part of Yakutia, serve as an example of such lakes. Water balance and water exchange of drainage lakes with identified morphometric parameters were indirectly calculated.

On the example of three typical tasks of mathematical physics and their variations that often arise during the development of oil fields in the Arctic area, the possibility of successful application of frontier methods of solving applied problems of mathematical physics. The first type of tasks is dedicated to application of solutions of the nonlinear thermal problem to determine the thermal characteristics of frozen, thawed and thawing freezing rocks. The second type of the tasks is related with the problems of ablation the melting of solids applied to frozen hard disintegrating clay rocks for their most complete dispersion in order to effectively recover fine fractions of the useful component. The third type of problems refers to the tasks of the laminar boundary layer flow along the magnetic surface for extraction of thin non-magnetic component classes of minerals: gold, platinum, tin, and others. Simple solutions of all these problems are proposed.

Mathematical model of ventilation air and rocks heat mass exchange processes in cryolithozone extensive mine workings, with moisture vaporization and condensation taken into account, is developed. Rock mass around the working by taken assumption is considered in the shape of hollow cylinder. Internal radius of the area corresponds to working’s radius, while outer radius is taken from spreading condition of heat influence zone around the working for taken temporal period. The nathematical model is numerically solved by finite difference method. It is shown, that in mine workings’ mouth parts in summer period condensation processes prevail, while vaporizing in winter period. Moisture from ventilation air and rock mass getting into it, makes heat mass processes intensify, that significantly affect the mines thermal conditions as a whole. The developed model numerical implementation allows to calculate ventilation air temperature and it’s relative humidity variations dynamics subject to working’s hydrothermal conditions, that is important to mines thermal conditions prognosis and mining safety providing.

In the process of drilling in permafrost there are a number of specific complications that often lead to serious problems: soil buckling, destruction of wellheads, collapses of the walls of wells, break and collapse of casing strings because of inefficient cementation in permafrost zone, release of gas on to the surface, griffins, etc. The above mentioned complications are predetermined by low-quality drilling and well casing. The article gives basic recommendations for successful wells drilling in permafrost conditions which are: construction of wells without descent shaft and elongated directions; drilling at low temperature drilling fluids; drilling in summer by smaller bits with subsequent expansion to the desired diameter; achieving the maximum possible business speed of well conducting.

The article assesses the efficiency of the use of local mineral resources for the creation of cold-resistant, high-strength and wear-resistant alloys for the north execution. Certain directions of the development and creation of the steels of north execution including those working in conditions of heavy wear are considered. The expediency of use of iron-manganese ores of the Lena ore field in production of cast products for restoring parts and components of mining machinery operated in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The chemical compositions of created cold-resistant, high-strength and wear-resistant steels of new generation with a given set of operating properties are presented.

Experimental investigations of wear resistance and tribodestruction during sliding friction of low alloy steel before and after the bulk nanostructuring using cold (at room temperature) equal channel angular pressing were conducted. At various stages of loading by friction the wear of steel in coarse-grained and nanostructured states was studied using the methods of optical and scanning electron microscopy, roughness measurements of the friction surfaces and by calculation autocorrelation functions of roughness. It is shown that formation of heterogeneous structure of the system «submicron ferrite matrix – nanosized carbide phase» provided multiple increase of wear resistance. The peculiarities of the contact fracture, determining the growth of wear resistance of steel as a result of the structure refinement and indicating significant differences in the nature of formation of the metal tribological strength, depending on the dispersion level of the structural elements are revealed.

Проведены сравнительные экспериментальные исследования химического состава, механических свойств и микроструктуры наплавленных слоев сварочного электрода марки УОНИ-13/55, полученных электродуговой наплавкой на постоянном и модулированном токах. Показано, что наплавленные слои металла, полученные импульсно-дуговой наплавкой, имеют повышенное содержание марганца и значений ударной вязкости, а также более мелкозернистую структуру по сравнению с ручной дуговой наплавкой на постоянном токе. Установлено, что микротвердость наплавленного слоя, выполненного импульсно-дуговой наплавкой, имеет более сглаженный вид по сравнению с наплавкой на постоянном токе. Для повышения прочности и надежности при восстановлении геометрических размеров изношенных деталей горнодобывающей техники может быть использована технология импульсно-дуговой наплавки.

In order to assess a radiomodifying action of bioactive substances from the tissues of A. retroflexus on the photosynthetic complex of 7-day-old wheat seedlings we studied the effect of pre-sowing soaking of grains of three varieties of wheat, previously exposed to γ-rays ⁶⁰Co in doses ranging from 10 to 600 Gy, in 1, 2, and 4% aqueous solution of freeze-dried product obtained from hydroalcoholic extract Amaranthus retroflexus L. The aqueous alcoholic extract of Amaranthus retroflexus L. was obtained by sequential extraction of all aboveground phytomass first with 40% aqueous alcohol solution, and then with 70% aqueous-alcoholic solution to extract the maximum amount of bioactive substances. It was found that the effect of variety has specific focus and has expressed no negative impact on the photosynthetic characteristics of the seedlings. It is revealed that 2% aqueous solution of the lyophilizate increased the number of pigments studied in seedlings and changed the level of light-harvesting complex in the photosystems. Radioprotective effect of the freezedried hydroalcoholic extract Amaranthus retroflexus L., manifested at combination of acute γ-irradiation of the dose of 10 Gy and pre-soaking the grains in 2% lyophilizate. Strengthening of influence of a radiation stress was observed at γ-irradiation dose of 10 Gy and pre-soaking the grains in 1% lyophilizate.

The review is devoted to problems of studying of electromagnetic waves and fields influence on biological objects. Main sources of technogenic electromagnetic pollution and their physical characteristics are listed. Examples of organisms' responses to influence of electromagnetic fields and radiations are given. The basic principles of methodological approach to studies of living organisms and electromagnetic influences interaction are described. The analysis of hypotheses describing mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic fields and waves with biological objects is carried out. It is shown that studying of influence of electromagnetic fields and radiations on biological objects allows to obtain important scientific data which can be put into practice, in ecology – for development of the EMP marginal levels for a human being and other biological objects, in medicine for development of new ways of diagnostics and methods of physiotherapeutic treatment of diseases, in biotechnology – as one of ways of regulation of biochemical indexes of various microbial cultures.

A comparative analysis of the physiological and cytogenetic characteristics of two Atriplex patula seed progeny groups growing under different levels of anthropogenic dust pollution: 21 ± 1 and 843 ± 41 mg / (m²d) is carried out. The dust samples collected at the site with a high degree of technological load showed an increase in the copper content of 1,7, zinc – 1,5, cobalt – 2,0, strontium – 1,3 and lead – 15,3 times in comparison with the control. It has been shown that high content of heavy metals is can cause a decline in physiological characteristics of seed progeny up to 80% of germination and 30% of the length of rootlets in comparison with control. In the cells of the apical meristem root of A. patula seedlings increase of 1,3 times of the number of aberrant cells on the background of increase of 2,6 and 3,0 times of the rate of incorporation of ³H-thymidine and ¹⁴C-leucine into the cells compared with the control seedlings is observed.

The humus state indices of frozen floodplain soils of the middle Lena River widely used in agricultural production have been estimated. The following characteristics of humus have been described: the content and deposition of humus, the degree of humification of the organic matter, the correlation of humic and fulvic acids. Different position of alluvial sod soils within the relief and differences in flooding conditions (moistening conditions) characterize the different evidence of the quantitative indices of humus state. The content and humus deposition decrease, as the degree of humification of the organic matter rises, and the type of humus changes toward the maximum humate state in the row of sod gley soils (low floodplain) toward typical sod soils (middle floodplain). High degrees of humification of the organic matter, the humate and fulvate types of humate humus, and fixation of the majority of humus matters in the form of calcium humates (HC-2) in upper horizons, result in high fertility of typical alluvial sod soils.

The work is the result of the analysis of floristic geographical elements of the forest complex of northern forests on the example of larch forests of Yano-Indigirka interfluve. It is concluded that the formation and distribution of northern larch forests in northeast Asia is directly linked with the development of the permafrost zone in the Early Pleistocene. The structure and species composition of the northern taiga flora shows its close relationship with tundra phytocenoses with which it has a common component in the form of indigenous Hypoarctic core and common evolutionary history during the Pleistocene. At the same time, forest floristic complex is enough original, and the boreal element of the flora does not have transcontinental links what are usual for dark taiga and tundra, and this fact once again shows the absence of forests in the Pleistocene history of Beringia.

The article considers the results of the introduction study of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The phoenological, morphological variability and ontogenesis in culture are studied, introduction possibilities of the species are assessed. In the culture of S. baicalensis undergoes a complete seasonal cycle of development. The species is sustainable to diseases and pests. In the culture the duration of ontogenetic states of pregenerative period is reduced. High introductional sustainability of S. baicalensis shows the prospects of plantation cultivation for medicinal purposes and landscaping.

In the broken localities of the terrain of the Far East of Russia and Vietnam in populations of east cat’stail Typha orientalis C. Presl sensu amplo., cat’s-tail overtopping T. domingensis Pers., cat’s-tail Komarov komarovii A. Krasnova some morphological anomalies as polymerization, true and false «branchiness» are found. It testifies to radical changes of hydrophilic flora under the influence of an anthropogenic factor.

In the forest-tundra zone of North-Eastern Yakutia in the second decade of June the ice in constant reservoirs thaws only at the edges where only single larvae of mosquitoes are present. In temporary water bodies, in the second decade of June the density of larvae reaches from 3 to 955 specimens/m². At the beginning of the third decade of June it increase up to 1720 specimens/m². At the end of June there is a decline of mosquito larvae density from 13 to 363 specimens/m², and at the same time the increase of the pupae up to 60% of the total. Recession of water level of such reservoirs goes slowly because of the permafrost regime of the soils. The reservoirs exist until the end of July. The species of the imagos flying out of a cage is defined as Aedes punctor Kirby and A.hexodontus Dyar. The larvae survival was 95%. In 2004 in the forest-tundra zone of Northeastern Yakutia the flight was observed from June 3rd to September 7th with 97 days of the period of activity of the imago. The peak of flight and attacks of female mosquitoes on domesticated reindeer was registered from 3 to 23 July. At the peak period in 5-minute account by a net it was caught more than 5,000-9,000 mosquitoes by a bait deer. From large farm animals the most attractive object for attack of females of mosquitoes is the domestic reindeer.

The article reports the results of the long-term studies of fish biological characteristics of Yakutia water basin. Considerable changes in the general environmental situation of the region and especially the increasing influence of the so-called human factor required a new assessment of the fish fauna state under current conditions, identifying the main trends in the composition of the fish fauna and further ecological forecasting. On the basis of the conducted studies a number of regularities in changes in fish fauna of the northern border of its distribution under the conditions of water pollution by heavy metals from the mining industry are identified. The growth of many industrialized fish species in the water basin of Yakutia is sharply reduced because of the anthropogenic pressure and first of all because of unauthorized discharges of industrial waste waters, their long-term dumps and sewages, utilities, agricultural wastes, construction and domestic wastes in river and lake systems. It is necessary to create economic preconditions for development of the fishing industry of the republic by realization of fish-breeding measures in the lakes of the republic.

The main source of pollution of the Lena river is the discharge of unpurified sewage water in Yakutsk city. Currently there are sewage mechanical purification works with the capacity of 35 thousand m³/day in the city. They apply liquid chlorine disinfection. Wastewater is discharged through two pipelines into the Lena river 1,5 km lower than the main water production area. 50–55 thousand m³/day of wastewater come to sewage mechanical purification works. One third of household waste water through the drain station enters the main collector and without treatment is discharged into the Lena river. The water factor has a significant impact on the level of cases infected by infectious and parasitic diseases transmitted by fecal-oral route. In Yakutsk those infected by intestinal infections annually amount to 1,000 cases on average per 100,000 people, by diphyllobothriasis – 900 cases per 100,000 people, which indicates a high degree of pollution of the river by municipal wastes. To identify environmental conditionality of spread of infectious and parasitic diseases among the population of Yakutsk we have studied water samples for sanitary microorganisms.The studies have shown a wide circulation and high levels of sanitary microorganisms. For 2005-2010 Coliform bacteria amounted to 7839.9 CFU per liter. The greatest degree of contamination is observed during the spring flood – 240 CFU per 100 ml. The content of thermotolerant Coliform bacterias in all samples does not meet the hygienic standards (SanPiN2.1.5.980-00) and goes up to 24,000 CFU per 100 ml. The total bacterial number during observation varied from 4 to 105 CFU per 1 ml. Sulfite-reducing clostridia (SRC) and Giardia cysts (Gardia lamblia cyst) on average over 5 years amounted to 1,93 CFU per 20 ml. and 3,2 cysts per 25 l correspondingly.The presence of sanitary microorganisms in the middle of the Lena river indicates significant water pollution by municipal wastes in Yakutsk, which leads to the spread of cases infected by intestinal infections and diphyllobothriasis.