Until the Middle Paleozoic the Novosibirsk archipelago (Novosibirsk unit) was a part of the Siberian craton. One of the key events in the geologic history of the territory is the formation of the South Anyui small oceanic basin. Formation of South Anyui small oceanic basin is associated with the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous rifting. From the Late Paleozoic a passive continental margin of this ocean basin has been formed on the southern slope of the Novosibirsk unit. After the closure of the South Anyui Ocean under the influence of the processes of the Late Cretaceous stretching in the Upper Devonian-Neocomian lens of passive continental margin of the Novosibirsk block a rift system of northwestern strike was formed, over which later the East Siberian basin was formed.

The first diamonds in the Mid-Markha diamondiferous district (Western Yakutia) were identified by geologists of the Amakisnkaya expedition in 1950 in the channel alluvium of the Markha River. After 40 years of a long search in the Nakyn river basin at a depth of 60–80 m drilling kimberlite high-diamonds pipes Botuobinskaya (1994), Nyurbinskaya (1996) and Mayskaya (2006), followed by a buried diamond placers were discovered. Studies of the structure and composition of the diamond placers allowed the authors to identify the main patterns of their formation and distribution, taking into consideration the peculiarities of geological structure of the area and its history in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. These features have determined the form and structure of primary kimberlite bodies, and resulted in the formation of industrial diamond placers. Authors' conclusions make it possible to predict new primary diamond deposits in the Mid-Markha area.

The first data on the ontogenetic change in the shell shape and medial spirals of ammonite genus Amoeboceras – A. alternoides (Nikitin) and A. transitorium Spath are presented. The early ontogenesis is established in the cross-section of the specimen of A. Alternoides from the upper part of Glosense zone (Upper Oxfordian) of the Russian Platform (Markovo section) and as a result of the shell uncoiling specimen of A. Transitorium from probably the bottom part of the ammonite zone of Northern Siberia (Nordvik Peninsula, Urdyuk-Khaya Cape). The continuous shell compression (W/D decreases), especially intensive in the initial ontogeny part in all studied Amoeboceras is revealed. In the final stage of the ammonite individual development the shell compression is slowing, and in some specimen even is replaced by a weak extension. The beginning of separation of A. Transitorium from other species on shells width occurred at medium whorls because of the weaker shell compression. Beginning with the smallest shell size of species A. Transitorium and A. Alternoides are characterized by asynchronous change of umbo size (U/D). The two well-defined ontogenetic development phases of medial spiral of A. alternoides were identified. It is changes one after another the processes of intense expansion and contraction of medial spiral. The complex of data shows that the use of the ontogenetic method for shell shape studying has good prospects for specification of taxonomy and phylogeny of morphologically complicated and very variable taxon, which is the genus Amoeboceras.

Data on remnants of life in sedimentary layers, previously considered «silent», is of utmost importance for understanding of the Late Cambrian stages of development of organic world and is fundamental basis of International stratigraphic chart. The article represents new data on some ribbon-like and thread-like organic remains as microfossil from organogenic formations of the Vendian South-Western Yakutia. New microfossils are found in onkolite like formations of Tinnaya formation and in Byuksky suite stromatolites of of Vendian of Southwestern Yakutia. They are filamentous and ribbonlike branching structure. The sizes are from a few tenths of micrometers to several micrometers. They are presumably attached to the substrate rhizoids and have reproductive organs. The study of the ultrastructure of hosting the microfossils carbonate rocks of Tinnaya suites it is found that in general, the ultrastructure is defined as subcrystalmorphic and seldom it is globular, scaly. The sides have smoothed edges. Surface of sides uneven, porous, rough.

A new (K1v–K1al1) Kitchan subcomplex is identified in the transition zone between the Siberian platform and the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma folded region. The sedimentary rocks of the subcomplex are represented by Lower Cretaceous facies which, according to specific structure and depositional environment of the studied intervals, mark «the final stage in the evolution of the Verkhoyansk Mesozoides» and form, in the «transition zone», the top of the section of the Verkhoyansk terrigenous complex. The subcomplex is separated out of the volume of the Late Triassic – Cretaceous strata of the Mesozoic megacomplex, and its formation is closely related to the completion of the tectonic activity cycle in the eastern Siberian platform and its folded periphery. The subcomplex derives its name from the Kitchan protrusion, which is a major structure of the Priverkhoyansk foredeep. Its stratotype area is the inner zone of the foredeep: from Bulkur anticline and the Soboloch – Mayan swell in the north (Lena bransh of the foredeep) to the Tukulan protrusion in the south (Aldan branch of the foredeep). The word «paralimnic» in the name of the subcomplex indicates directly the presence of various types of sedimentary sections and facies of different genesis. Therefore, it includes, on the one hand, coeval sections with continental and ladoonal facies and, on the other hand, deposits of marine and littoral marine genesis. The lower boundary of the subcomplex is transgressive (Lena branch of the foredeep) and conformable, with no visible evidence of erosion (Kitchan protrusion and Aldan branch of the foredeep). In the Lena branch, the lower boundary of the subcomlex is marked by the base of the marine Khairgas Formation or of the coal–bearing and limnic Yngyr and Batylykh Formation. In the central and latitudinal parts of the Preverkhoyansk foredeep and in the Vilyui syneclise, the base of the subcomplex is made of limnic facies of the Batylykh Formation. Here, facies of the coal – free Eksenyakn and the carboniferous – limnic Khatyryk Formation enter into its lithologic composition. Thickness of the subcomplex in the central part of the foredeep varies from 3,150 (inner zone) to 3,500 m (outer zone). The Kitchan paralimnic subcomplex is overlain, with erosion, by the Agraphena (central part of the foredeep) and Timerdyakh (southwestern Vilyui syneclise) Formations (400–500 and 150–600 m thick, respectively), of which the age at their bases corresponds to the Agraphenian (104–90,4 Ma) phytohorizon (Apper Albian – Cenomanian). The Upper Albian rocks in the inner zone of the foredeep rest, with an angular unconformity, on the eroded surface of dislocated Lower Cretaceous deposits. The newly – recognized Kitchan paralimnic subcomplex in the «transition zone» is overlane, with erosion and angular unconformity, by the rocks of the Agraphena Fopmation formed during a new (104–65 Ma) tectonic cycle, within 104–93,5 Ma.

It is established, that in the boundary interval of the upper part of the Lower and Middle Devonian of Northeast Russia and adjacent territories in most sections there dominated red-, multicolored, sulfatebearing deposits. In this period of time there was also an outpouring of the basaltic lavas associated with tafrogenesis. By the beginning of the Givetian is timed the initial stage of the Givetian-Early Carboniferous megacycle which is often marked by basal conglomerates.

Chochimbal ore-placer cluster is a part of the West Verkhoyansk metallogenic zone, which is characterized by large stratified silver and vein-type gold-silver deposits and ore occurrences. The goal of this work was to study mineralogic-geochemical features of placer gold from the Chochimbal Creek basin in order to identify, as a result of what sources, endogenetic mineralization or hypergenesis zones, placer gold content of the studied area was formed. Alluvial gold with total weight of 11,8 g from eluvial-talus and alluvial deposits of the Chochimbla Creek and its tributaries is studied. Wide range of known mineralogic-geochemical methods of analyses was used in studies of typomorphic features of placer gold. Results of analysis of placer gold on granulometry, morphology (shape, surface, degree of roundness), chemical composition, internal structure and microinclusions are shown in the article. Obtained results of studies of placer gold mineralogy and its comparison with available data on placer gold of the Chochimbal ore-placer cluster allowed us to conclude that, auriferous placers of the Cochimbal Creek basin were formed due to destruction of neighboring ore sources, confined to arched portion of the Imtandzhin anticlinal, where maximum depth of erosional truncation of ore bodies is observed. Placer and ore gold of the ore-placer cluster have similar mineralogic features. Identified typomorphic features of placer gold allows us to judge that, placers were formed mainly due to ore occurrences of gold-quartz formation, and in a less degree due to gold-sulfide and gold-silver formations.

In controlled hydrothermal conditions it has been shown that the rate of mineralization processes in the leached chernozem soil (the central forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia) is determined mostly by temperature compare to humidity. The intensive phase of the process of mineralization of soil organic matter, due to moisture, is completed in the first 15 days, and the dynamics of the emission CO2 is less dependent on hydrothermal indicators in the experiment. The dynamics of the formation of carbon dioxide affects the amount available in the soil for degradation of plant material that is depleted over time. Consequently there is a gradual decrease in CO2 production soil. Temperature coefficient Q10 for leached chernozem in the temperature range of 10–25 °C varied between 1,3–2,9. It was revealed in the experiment, that the less Q10 ratio, the higher the rate of release of CO2 was from the leached chernozem soil.

The analysis of previous studies revealed the urgency of problem of development of effective methods and measures of control of hydrothermal deformations, the numerical value of which is determined as the difference between the heave during freezing and subsidence during thawing at the base and subgrade of highways in the annual climatic rhythm. At the present time for this task some methods and equipment are used which do not take into account structural features of roads (height of embankment, presence or absence of frozen ground in road base, water-cut, etc.). In this work we have proposed improved system for deformations assessment using two sites within boundaries of a natural and technical system and a lithotechnical system. In the first case hydrothermal deformations is measured outside carriageway of the road, in the second case within the carriageway. The originality of the method is that it provides investigation of the road structural elements deformation in space and time (pavement, subgrade base and slopes, roadsides, ditches, off-theroad shore). Determination of deformation values of soils and construction of roads by area is proposed to be defined as the difference between the movement of surface marks in the annual climatic rhythm, by depth with the use of hydrothermal deformation differential gauges depending on the duration of warm and cold stages.

The article presents the data of monitoring of a pilot inter-settlement gas pipeline made from reinforced polyethylene pipes. The results of tests of the pipe material at temperatures close to the operating ones are shown. This result emphasizes the need to clarify and harmonize the existing regulatory requirements for use of pipes and polyethylene pipelines operation in cold climate regions. For monitoring special probes were developed and manufactured for study of displacements and temperature field on the underground pipeline. According to the measurements results, it was found that on the whole the temperature distribution at the tube walls essentially differs from the outdoor air temperature, because the pipeline is influenced by the permafrost thickness having a relatively constant temperature. A comparison of data on movements between control points shows an exemplary picture of the underground pipeline behavior. There are small differences between the measurement values of control points, as along the line of the experimental-industrial site the ground is characterized by different levels of soil moisture and relief. The lowest temperature of the walls of the underground pipeline and its greatest vertical displacement are explained by the weather conditions: permanently low ambient temperatures and low snow cover. The automated system for registration of temperature on the underground pipeline walls has shown high efficiency and performance in the conditions of permafrost.

In this paper the relationship between the speed of a magnetic storm ׀∆Dst׀/∆T and average value of AE index (AEave) for the main phase (∆T) is investigated. Magnetic storms initiated by high-speed streams CIR and interplanetary coronal mass ejections ICME, including magnetic clouds and Ejecta (36 events) are considered. It is shown, that for CIR events amplification of auroral activity (AEave) increase with the increase of speed of a magnetic storm development. For ICME events a linear relation between AEave and the speed of development of a magnetic storm is absent (r<0,5). The analysis of AE index for the main phase of a magnetic storm depending on electric field of a solar wind has shown that for CIR events AEave value is correlated with the average value of an electric field. For ICME events AEave value weakly depends on the electric field of the solar wind.

The results of testing of climatic resistance of basalt composite reinforcement by examining strength characteristics at columnar and static extension are presented. The object of study is a polymer composite material for building purpose which is a basalt-composite armature as unidirectional basalt-plastic rods with periodic profile and diameter from 6 to 10 mm. The rods were made by Limited liability company «TBM» on technical line «Struna» under the technical specifications 2296-001-86166796-2013 «Reinforcement of nonmetallic composite basalt». The study have shown a slight increase in strength of basalt-composite reinforcement after 20 months open-air exposure in Yakutsk.

The paper is devoted to a wear of elements of tanks for storage of oil and oil products during their longterm operation under conditions of sharply continental climate of the North. Based on field observations of a large number of tanks, the most significant technological defects caused by welding of joints and their structural elements are found, the features of a stress-strain state in the areas of structural elements connections which cause a static accumulation of the depth of a corrosion damage. It is found that the pitting corrosion is most prevalent in tanks bottom leading to stop of their further operation. Defects: undercuts, craters, shells, fistulas and through cracks in a weld wall, rim welds of tanks. A significant rate of expansion and growth of pore depths of corrosion damage in comparison with other types of technological defects was observed. The article presents a mathematical model of a rate of corrosion depending on a molar amount of metal and average stress values in metal sections calculated using a tank radius and a stress concentration factor. A rate of corrosion is a factor of deepening of further growth of elastic-plastic deformation in a heat-affected zone (HAZ), which in turn causes microand macrocracks. A comparison of a corrosion rate of these areas with taking into account a yield strength of a reservoir main metal and HAZ of welded joints is a key factor for determining the ultimate life of reservoirs.

In this paper stresses depending on constructive and technical features of welded pipe joints parameters are evaluated. Also corrosion of a pipe base metal and welds metal of a pipe joints of a main gas pipeline is discussed. A calculation of stress concentrators in the field of welded pipe joints is carried out. It provides a predictive assessment of corrosion of the base metal and weld metal. The dependence of an oil pipeline wall thinning at various volumes of transported oil is derived. Terms of wall thinning and low-cycle fatigue development to the limit values of deformations in the concentrators are defined. The data on the durability of UTTP pipes, matching a design lifetime is summarized. Based on these data the qualitative forecast of the onset of the critical situation in the HAZ metal of root welds depending on the impact of non-functional loading is made.

The results of a study of resistance to hydroabrasive effect of GRP pipes with a polyurethane coating that are used in a hydraulic transport of rocks (slurry pipelines) are presented. Hydro-abrasive wear was carried out on a device designed by the authors. The device allows to explore the durability of materials and coatings in the modeling of flow of hydro-abrasive environment. Industrial GRP pipes coated with polyurethane and uncoated were tested. A pipe with a coating consists of several layers. The inner layer is made of pure polyurethane, it is followed by a layer of polyurethane reinforced with roving and fiberglass is an outer layer. Another pipe consists of uncoated glass fiber. The inner and outer diameters of the pipes are the same. A comparative analysis of the intensity and character of the wear of GRP pipes with coating and without is carried out. It is established that the resistance to hydroabrasive wear of GRP pipes without coating is much higher than that of pipes with polyurethane coating. A pipe with a polyurethane coating resists to hydroabrasive wear until a layer of pure polyurethane is erased. And a layer of polyurethane reinforced with roving has a low resistance to a hydroabrasive wear.

The task of this paper is a study of fiberglass structural defects accumulation and destruction process kinetics under load in conditions of uniaxial tension by analyzing the parameters of acoustic emission signals. The fiberglass type Etal T-210 T11 GVS9 was selected as a test material samples of which were made in the vacuum-compression impregnation apparatus. Test samples were performed under conditions of uniaxial stretching. Simultaneously with a load chart recording continuous recording of acoustic emission signals was conducted. Control the following parameters of acoustic emission signals were performed: peak amplitude of the signals, a total count of the signals, a counting rate and a total energy of the signals. It was found that at different stages of fiberglass loading the different events are clearly distinguished, identification of which is uniquely performed by analyzing the parameters of acoustic emission signals. The accumulation of defects and failure of fiberglass under load is a complex multistage process the main stages which are micro plastic shifts in the matrix, cracking in the matrix, a break adhesive bonds between the matrix and the reinforcing element, the gap of separate filler pieces of formation, and ultimately, the main crack fracture leading to loss of integrity of the sample material. The method of uniaxial stretching of structural polymeric materials in combination with the method of acoustic emission can be efficiently used to study deformation and fracture processes, as well as to establish limiting characteristics for different classes of materials.

The general results of introduction of a collection of species of rare and endemic plants in the Yakut Botanical Garden are discussed. Currently the collection contains 85 species, of which 70 are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (including 14 rare endemic) and 15 endemic species, not listed in the current version of the Book. The evaluation of possibilities of introduction of the species showed that from 83 species (2 species Juniperus davurica, Anemone tamarae were not evaluated, because they are on trial for less than 5 years) 54 are highly resistant and stable in culture and 29 species are weakly resistant and unstable. Introduction of rare and endemic plants is very important because it helps to provide:

• the preservation in culture a unique gene pool of rare species;
• the reproduction and accessibility for population of economically valuable rare species, and thus, a decrease of anthropogenic pressure onto natural populations;
• possibility to carry out re-introduction works in damaged natural cenopopulations on the base of cultivated introduction

We study life forms of Larix cajanderi stems near northern tree line in Yakutia. Researches are conducted in 2009–2012 on the island Tit-Ary of Bulunsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) within a complex expedition of the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of the SB RAS. We study dynamics of composition and structure of the most northern forest area in the delta of the Lena River. The island Tit-Ary is one of the most northern points of distribution of larch forest massive in the territory of Eastern Siberia. The studies were performed in accordance with typical forestry and geobotanical methods, on the basis of which 14 test areas for different types of larch forests were incorporated. Forest area of the Tit-Ary Island and its vicinities are presented by pretundra sparse larch forests. We registered four types of life forms of larch trees in the studied area. They are formed as a result of external environmental factors. The most common life form of Larix cajandery is a stem form with a pronounced one straight, tapering trunk. The stand is formed from the stem forms of larch, is mostly sparse, closeness is always thickness than 0,3, there are between 700 to 2750 stems at an average height of 1,45–3,15 m and an average diameter – 1,66–6,17 cm. In Tit-Ary Island there are less common shrub and elfin forms of larch, which are formed as a result of direct zoogenic and wind factors. A study of larch life forms, their varieties, adaptation at the northern boundary of forest is of great importance in the conditions of the climate change.

The features of callus formation in vitro from leaf explants of Medicago varia Syulinskaya variety are investigated and conditions for plant regeneration from embryogenic callus tissue are tested. The induction of callus cells from leaf explants was carried out in the presence of a nutrient medium D 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D), kinetin and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Somatic cells differentiated to embryonic in the presence of a high concentration of auxin 8 mg/l 2,4 D and kinetin; NAA 5 mg/l in the modified Gamborg B5 medium. Callus formed along the incisions and gradually covered the entire surface of the explant area. It had a yellow color, dense texture and grain structure. Passaging the derived callus on fresh agar Gamborg B5 medium (10 g/l sucrose + 4 g/l of bactoagar supplemented with BAP (0.2 mg/l), stimulated the development into callus tissue cells of meristematic and embryonic types which formed the buds and embryoids. The regenerated plants of M. varia from embryoids and buds are obtained for further development and rooting.

Data on the productivity of overground phytomass of Arctic tundra of the island of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky (the Novosibirsk Islands) is provided. A study was conducted by hay crops method. It was established that the reserves of the top phytomass of vegetation in the lowland landscapes of the North-Eastern tip of the island on the averages varies from 60,3 to 700,4 g/m2 and locally reaching maximum a value 1501,5 g/m2. When stocks of a biomass is greater than 150 g/m2, the increase is due to the mosses, which account for 70–90 %. The mass of forage plants in the tundra at maximum reaches up to 86,8 g/m2. A higher proportion of feed fractions is in communities of thermokarst complex, coastal meadows and coastal tundra meadows, which is provided mostly by vascular plants. The role of lichens and macroalgae is small and allows to consider them only as an incidental food in summer period. Sometimes Salix polaris has a feed value.

Using the hydrodynamic Bergen Ocean Model reconstruction of water temperature and salinity fields of the Caspian Sea for structured grid is performed. The original oceanographic database of marine research, open archives of meteorological observations at the coastal weather stations, and NCEP / NCAR re-analysis are used as the initial data. Time resolution of calculations is one day, spatial is five kilometers. Verification of the calculation results is carried out by two methods: control of compliance of resulting values predetermined in section points; compare the resulting TS-fields with the digitized data from the published in literature. It is shown that the resulted values are consistent with the basic concepts, formed by now, including using numerical simulation and satisfy the task the restoration of TS-field gridded. BOM calculations results can be used as an input data for retrospective analysis of water temperature and salinity of the Caspian Sea.

The investigation materials of planktonic flora and fauna in high mountain Lake Shebety are presented in this paper. The lake is located within the boundaries of the buffer zone of the Baikal natural territory, as the part of the National Park «Chikoy» (Krasnochikoysky District, Zabaykalskyi krai). Collection and processing of the samples was carried out by standard hydrobiological methods. The composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton was observed on 35 taxa. The greatest species diversity was observed among the diatoms and cladocerian. The main of the species composition were widespread and eurybiontic pelagophilic species. Among algae the typical inhabitants of the deep glacial lake are: Chrysococcus rufescens, C. biporus, Kephyrion doliolum, Mallomonas caudata, among invertebrates are Conochilus unicornis, Kellicottia longispina, Holopedium gibberum, Arctodiaptomus neithammeri, Cyclops abyssorum, Atteyella nordenskjoldi. Littoral plankton community was richer on qualitative and quantitative compositions than pelagic cenosis. In the coastal zone phytophilic and littoral species were more frequent, and in the deep part of the lake pelagophilic forms of aquatic organisms dominated. In the surface layers of water small-size plankton (bluegreen and green of algae, rotifers and copepods juvenile stage) dominated, and diatoms, dinoflagellates and gold algae and copepods with large dimensional characteristics prevailed in the bottom.