It is shown, that a hypothesis of magma genesis as a result of partial melting and cold homogeneous accretion of the Earth is mistaken. According to modern data on its hot heterogeneous formation, igneous rocks of ancient platforms arose as a result of the separation of melts from fractionated layers of the global ocean of magma that were different in composition. Mantle plumes were formed by the emergence of huge volumes of tholeiitic bodies of eclogites (solidified melts of the magmatic ocean) in the lower mantle. Decompression melting of eclogites led to the formation of basic magmas. The processes of their deepsegregated fractionation caused the formation of magmatic series of various alkalinity and silicic acidity.

Mineralogic-geochemical features of placer gold from alluvial deposits of the Anabar region rivers (complex gold-diamondiferous placers of the Mayat, the Ebelyakh, the Udzha, the Polovinnaya and the Bolshaya Kuonamka rivers) are studied with a view to identify formation types of gold primary sources and areas, promising for their discovery. The study of mineralogic-geochemical features of placer gold allowed identifying indicator signs, typical for mineralizations: low-sulfide gold-quartz, gold-sulfide–quartz, goldsilver and gold-rare metal formation types. According to identified indicator signs of placer gold it is determined that ore occurrences of low-sulfide gold-quartz formation are the main primary sources of auriferous placers at the Anabar shield and the Udzhinskoe high. Besides, it was suggested that gold-ore occurrences of gold-platinoid formation were generated at the Anabar shield, which are probably related to layered anorthosite plutons of the Kotuikan – Monkholinskaya mineragenic zone. It is assumed that ore occurrences of shallow gold-silver formation exist at the Udzhinskoe high. It is possible that primary sources of low-sulfide quartz formation are generated in terrigenous-carbonate layers of the Molodo-Popigay and the Anabar-Eekit zones. Primary sources of gold-rare metal formation type are predicted within the Anabar massif for the first time, based on the discovery of native bismuth, maldonite and hessite inclusions in gold.

According to the opinion of most researchers the main oil source rocks in the Later PaleozoicMesozoic cross section are the Permian sediments which organic matter is characterized by a mixed presence of humus and sapropel constituents (kerogen II kerogen III). The estimation of oil generation scales was made for the Permian sediments of the Vilyui anticline from the point of view of historical and genetic analysis of hydrocarbons generation processes by humus and sapropel organic matter. The Permian deposits covered catagenesis stages from MK1 to MK3 during period from the Permian sedimentation end to the Cretaceous period end. During this period sapropel-humus organic matter of the Permian deposits was able to generate over 709 to 1229 billion tons of oil that is from 8 to 15 % of the initial kerogen mass.

This study summarizes the available information on brackish and saline groundwaters remaining unfrozen at subzero temperatures which occur in foundation soils within the urban area of the Tuymaada Valley. Visual interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images, drilling data, and results of hydrogeochemical investigations are used to identify changes to the landscape conditions brought by development in a residential district of Yakutsk. Geoecological changes due to road construction are examined. The influence of vegetation on the thermal regime of the active layer is analyzed. The results of the study suggests that, in the Tuymaada Valley, areas of warm permafrost in shallow inter-ridge depressions recognized at the surface by birch stands have the most potential for formation of anthropogenic cryopegs.

The relevance, scientific and practical significance of the tasks being solved are substantiated in the article. The features of the geocryological conditions of the site are briefly described. The technique of field and laboratory studies is considered. The necessity of applying innovative design on the areas of «Ice Complex» is substantiated, ensuring the effectiveness of managerial and technical solutions for regulating the temperature regime of the roadbed (embankment) and the bases of the AYaM railway. The forecast of the kinetics of the temperature regime of the foundation soils in time on the site of innovative design using thermal insulating materials is performed using mathematical modeling. The obtained results do not contradict the results of engineering-geocryological monitoring. It is shown that the management decisions that provide the specified operational parameters for the functioning of the AYaM railway at the «Ice Complex» site and on its other sites should be based on a joint assessment (economic and technical) of the performance of the innovative materials and technologies.

This paper presents the results of 35 years of observations conducted at the Chabyda station to monitor the thermal state of permafrost landscapes under current climatic warming. The analysis of longterm records from weather stations in the region has revealed one of the highest increasing trends in mean annual air temperature in northern Russia. Quantitative relationships in the long-term variability of ground thermal parameters, such as ground temperature at the bottom of the active layer and seasonal thaw depth, have been established. The ground temperature dynamics within the depth of zero annual amplitude indicates that both warm and cold permafrost are thermally stable. Short-term variability of the snow accumulation regime is the main factor controlling the thermal state of the ground in permafrost landscapes. The depth of seasonal thaw is characterized by low interannual variability and exhibits little response to climate warming, with no statistically significant increasing or decreasing trend. The results of the ground thermal monitoring can be extended to similar landscapes in the region, providing a reliable basis for predicting heat transfer in natural, undisturbed landscapes.

The rocks are complex multi-component, heterogeneous polydisperse systems, of which water is one of the components. The phase composition of pore water, the processes of its freezing and thawing largely determine the structure, properties, mechanical and thermal state of rock massifs. Consequently, the theory of phase equilibrium of water in the rocks at low temperatures is the basis for the theory of their properties formation, the stress-strain state, the simulation of heat and mass transfer processes in them. The models of the water phase equilibrium in the soil were developed. In these models the mineral skeleton is seen as a collection of particles with a certain effective molar mass, depending on the particle size and surface properties of the mineral skeleton. This allowed using the thermodynamics of the multicomponent systems to describe the phase state of water in dispersed media and, in particular, to develop a model of pore solution phase equilibrium in soil at low temperatures based on the theory of ideal and regular systems. The models allow investigating the patterns of pore solution phase equilibrium with maximum simplification.

The results of measurements of telluric currents flowing through pipelines during geomagnetic storms are presented. Also, the measurements of electrical currents flowing through pipelines laid in permafrost in Yakutia during the discharge of lightning, terminated on the ground near pipelines, are presented. The influence of a direct current flowing through a metallic pipe on the «pipe-ground» potential variation in the piece of a pipeline with the length of 150 m and diameter of 110 mm is measured. The frequency of occurrence of a certain level of the rate of change of geomagnetic activity can be expressed as a power law with an exponent of the order –1.7, and the probability of exceedance of a given level can be expressed by the law lg(P)=– 0.0517(dB/dt)–0.1946. The largest high-frequency variations are noted during the recovery phase of magnetic bay and correspond to geomagnetic pulsations of the Pc5 range (a period of variations of 200–300 s). On a pipeline on these pulsations, other high-frequency variations are imposed and they start earlier – from a maximum of bay of disturbance. During strong geomagnetic storms and during a thunderstorm at a distance of 10 km around the pipeline, geomagnetic induced currents appear in it, reaching tens or even hundreds of amperes. As a result, the potential of soil-pipeline increases and it can increase the corrosion rate of a pipeline.

For remote monitoring of parameters of the bottom ionosphere over seismoactive regions the VLFsignals from radio stations are widely used. It is witnessed that there are ionospheric disturbances over the epicenter of earthquakes both during lithospheric disturbances and before it (precursor). For reliability the use of pulse VLFsignals from lightning discharges – atmospherics is suggested. The disturbance in the bottom ionosphere, caused by lithospheric processes, is mainly expressed in the form of increase of the electron concentration and height of the «earth–ionosphere» wave guide. The change of parameters of the ionosphere leads to changes of a condition of propagation of a signal in the wave guide. Modelling consideration of amplitude-spectral variations of the low-frequency signals extending in the earth–ionosphere wave guide at occurrence of seismic disturbances on the top wall of wave guide (the lower ionosphere) is carried out. By the results of a comparison with experimental data of VLF-signal observation, possible characteristics of seismic disturbances in the lower ionosphere causing observable amplitude variations of signals are considered. It is established that the variations in the amplitude of the signals passing over the earthquakes will be due to a change in the steepness of the electron concentration profile and, to a lesser extent, the change in the height of the waveguide.

In the work on the basis of data of mean annual values of spatial-temporal variations of a soil temperature (ST) at the depths 1.6 and 3.2 m the quasiregular oscillations, which are correspond to oscillations of atmospheric parameters (surface air temperature SAT, the atmosphere moisture content — W) and solar activity cycle (SA) are shown. The data of the net «RIHMI-WDC» were used. By completeness of the data set, the next time ranges were selected according to ST: st. Pokrovsk (1945–2011), st. Tommot (1954– 2011), st. Churapcha (1959–2011), st. Okhotsky Perevoz (1972–2011) and st. Verkhoyansk (1967–2005). It is useful to note that the quasi-biennial oscillations were the most frequent manifestation of soil temperature regime. In the middle of the frequency range of ST, generally, the oscillations from 3 to 6 years are manifested. The quasiregular oscillations were observed with the lowest frequencies which are consistent to fundamental SA cycles (Schwabe, Hale and Bruckner). Also, in the work the estimation of usability of climate models (NCEP/NCAR, NCEP/DOE) for reproduction of soil temperature regime in Yakutia is done.

The conducted study belongs to a field of fundamental and application-oriented issues of interphase interaction and formation of interfacial layers between a filler and matrix during the synthesis of composite systems. We have studied the factors determining the strength of a diamonds retention in a hard-alloy matrix of a high-resource abrasive composites obtained by the hybrid synthesis technology with thermaldiffusion metallization of diamond particles and sintering by a scheme of the self-metering impregnation. Chemical composition, morphology and distribution of the reaction products, the nature of the resulting carbon phases in the contact zone between the diamond and matrix are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that the increase of physical and chemical adhesion of diamond with the matrix during the synthesis of composites by the developed technology occurs due to the formation (as a result of the thermochemical etching by the metal fusion at the initial stages of sintering) of high nanoand submicronic roughness of the diamond surface, formation of island-type metallized coating, dense filling of gaps by nanoscale layers of metal-infiltrate. Free carbon (graphite) is found in small quantities in the form of micron dimension separate inclusions. The revealed multilevel hierarchy of the high-structured morphological forms of the elements of the transitional layers has provided the solidity and strength of the joint between diamond and matrix.

The results of studying the structure of the hardened coating obtained by electric arc metallization using cored wire with a refractory modifying additives α-Al2O3 elaborated in the Larionov Institute of Physical and Technical Problems of the North of SB RAS (Yakutsk). The analysis of corundum state and content in the wear-resistant coatings is carried out. It is known that coatings of flux-cored wires are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity of the structure, the exuding of excessive particulate and coagulated phases, layered structure and porosity. Therefore, it remains a topical issue of studying the state of the modifier particles in a coating with taking into account the features of the technology of electric arc metallization, which is characterized by high temperature arc that can reach several thousand degrees, which in turn leads to burnout of alloying elements. Since the structure of coatings largely determines physical-mechanical and operational properties, a quantitative analysis of the fraction of refractory inclusions in the coatings is an important scientific and practical problem. In the work the metallographic and electron microprobe quantitative analysis of the macrostructure of wear-resistant coatings is presented and the proportion of inclusions of α-Al2O3 is determined. Established a satisfactory agreement of the experimental data of the content of corundum, found by quantitative electron microprobe analysis ~10.88 per cent, with the data obtained by different analytical methods of metallography: a linear method of sections ~10.7 % and planimetric method with the processing in MathCad ~12.2 %. The aim of this work is to identify the characteristics of the fill of a cored wire and contents of inclusions of corundum (α-Al2O3) in the structure of a modified wear-resistant coating.

It is found that individual particles of the crashed iron ore of the Lena ore field have polymineral composition. The particles are composed primarily of iron oxide grains with insets mainly of grains of oxides of silicon, aluminum and potassium. A reduced ore powder held further enrichment differs in higher dispersibility and high iron content and also the absence of potassium oxide. Aluminum-based sintered powder materials with the addition of the recovered ore powders are obtained. It is found that increasing the sintering temperature leads to a reduction in the residual porosity of the compacts, and reducing additive concentration to 22.8 wt.% leads to a decrease in the residual porosity of the sintered composites. Increasing the sintering temperature and used as a dopant powder reduced ore with an additional enrichment increases the hardness of the samples.

Morphological description, composition and properties of podzolic soils of Central Yakutia that are formed under mid-taiga pine and mixed pine-larch forests in loose sandy deposits in the cryoarid climate are presented. A hypothesis of formation of full-profile strongly podzolic soils has been put forward due to a short-time late-spring above-permafrost overwetting of the thawed layer with the following processes of gleization and acid hydrolysis and further carry-over of fine-dispersed products of soil formation to underlying horizons of the soil profile. The prevailing role in development of the podzolic process in these conditions is assigned to soil location in the relief, drainability of pedogenic material and permafrost availability.

Humus state of soils of a large Nal Tyungyulyu alas pasture has been studied. The alаs pasture is located 50 km northeast of the town of Yakutsk. Within the conjugated cohort of alas soils we have revealed the significant effect of hydrothermal conditions on the rate of humus accumulation in soddy glayic soils of the excess moisture belt, as compared to chernozem-meadow and meadow-chernozemic soils of the belts of normal and deficient moisture. The differences in the content of humic acids were observed in the first and the third fractions, which exceeded more than two fold the carbon storage in the corresponding fractions of chernozem-meadow and meadow-chernozemis soils. One can observe the peculiarity of Nal Tyungyulyu alas pasture soils the absence of significant differences of humus state indices of chernozem-meadow and meadow-chernozemic soils of the belts of normal and deficient humidity, earlier determined in soils of the corresponding belts in hayfield alases that might be caused by the pasture transformation of humic substances.

In this study, the practice of use of mineral macro and micro fertilizers together with irrigation in culturing of blackcurrant on frozen meadow-chernozemic soils of Сentral Yakutia has been demonstrated. Object of study is the variety of blackcurrant of Yakutian selection – Yakutskaya. Experiments were carried out under the following scheme: 1) Сontrol, without fertilizer; 2) NPK; 3) NPK + humus; 4) NPK + microelements. We used the standard methods of investigation in this experiments. The content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in studied soil has been estimated. We used the standard methods of investigation in this experiments. So, nitrate nitrogen was determined with phenoldisulfonic acid, ammonia nitrogen – with the Nesler reagent, mobile phosphorus – by the Ginsburg-Artamonova, exchange potassium – by the Maslov. It was revealed, that the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in studied soil of Central Yakutia is low, but mobile phosphorus – high. The dynamics of nutrition regime of the soil in conditions of different soil fertility values was studied. It was found that the average content of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in frozen meadow-chernozemic soil was increased in all fertilized variants as compared to control samples. It was noted that during blackcurrant vegetation period the higher demand in these elements was observed during the ripening phase.

The paper considers the state of microbial cenoses in frozen soils in Central Yakutia after fireinduced exogenous geomorphological processes (solifluction, sheet wash) caused by a strong litter-humus fire in a larch forest. The microbial cenoses were compared in frozen pall-yellow dark-humus soil and lighthumus stratozem on the buried soil formed during the 9-year period after fire-induced washoff of finegrained deposits from the surface of the watershed. In the upper (0–20 cm) layer of washed stratozem the number of ammonifiers was 3 times lower than in the control pale yellow soil, while the content of filamentous fungi and oligonitrophils was 1 and 2 orders of magnitude less respectively. In pall-yellow dark-humus soil the greatest number of microorganisms was recorded in the dark-humus horizon, whereas, in stratozem the peak of microorganisms was observed in the buried dark-humus horizon of primary soil at a depth of 60– 80 cm.

A new view on the genesis and structure of the soil profile in the landscape ecotone of the taigasteppe of the Western Transbaikal is proposed, which are represented by the North Asian taiga and Central Asian steppe ecosystems. The peculiarities of the ecological conditions of the soil formation: the climate continentality, the mountain-depression relief, the nature of the soil-forming rocks, the peculiarities of hypergenesis cause the formation of soils of the organic-accumulative division. It is revealed, that organicaccumulative soils are characterized by transition from a humus-accumulative part directly to soil-forming rock about what specify physical and chemical properties. The elemental composition of these soils is dominated by fine sand fraction and coarse dust, the second fraction of humic and fulvic acids is dominated. The soil-absorbing complex is saturated with bases. pH value is represented by a weakly acidic and alkaline range. Soil texture varies from sandy loamy to light loamy. The middle horizons affected by soil-forming processes are not expressed or poorly expressed and can be represented at the level of soil signs. The listed properties make it possible to classify these soils as gray-humus, dark-humus and light-humus. Thus, the soddy-steppe and soddy-forest types of soil formation predominate at the contact of taiga-steppe.

The first results of the study of phytoplankton and chemical composition of water of rivers that belong to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans basins and are connected by the Delkyu bifurcation are reported. The basic features of spatial structure of the phytoplankton taxonomy and its quantities are revealed. Integrated assessment of water quality from the rivers according to bioindicative properties of plankton algae and hydrochemical parameters is made. The data obtained about the phytoplankton structure and the rivers water physical and chemical parameters are background by their character and can serve as a basis for researchers to conduct biomonitoring of the rivers ecosystem. Relictual Diatom species Pliocaenicus costatus is found in the lower section of the Okhota River. It obviously was entered to the river plankton from some lakes of its basin. It is a first find in the region which allows to expand the habitat of Pliocaenicus costatus.

The article describes the questions of spring rape production for stabilization of forage base for cattle breeding in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The effect of mineral fertilizers on rape growth, development and green mass gain has been studied experimentally on frozen soils of Suntar agrolandscape in Western Yakutia. With taking into account natural and climatic conditions and biological productivity of the Suntar agrolandscape, the optimal rate of mineral fertilizers was estimated to gain a maximal rape green mass production (up to 248.3 centner/ha at N135P120 K120). The daily apical growth during flowering stage was proved to make up 2.2–2.7 cm regardless different rates of mineral nutrition. The following developmental stages showed stable linear increment up to 4.2–4.7 cm. Applying N180P120K120 resulted in maximal plant height up to 95 cm. Higher nutrition rates (N180P120K120) increased daily yield during the last developmental stages (flowering-pod formation). At that, daily green mass gain during the flowering-pod formation stages made up 54 g/m2 in average. Having applied N135P120 K120 to rape plantings, the maximal green mass gain was provided by 1 kg of nitrogen (up to 97.7 c/ha), phosphorus (up to 76 c/ha), and potassium (up to 70.3 c/ha). Specified optimal rates of fertilizers in Suntar agrolandscape are recommended for large-scale implementation in field forage production of spring rape green mass in Central Yakutia.